This is libc.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from libc.texinfo.
INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU libraries
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Libc: (libc). C library.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU C library functions and macros
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* ALTWERASE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ARGP_ERR_UNKNOWN: (libc)Argp Parser Functions.
* ARG_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* BC_BASE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_DIM_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_SCALE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BC_STRING_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* BRKINT: (libc)Input Modes.
* BUFSIZ: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* CCTS_OFLOW: (libc)Control Modes.
* CHILD_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* CIGNORE: (libc)Control Modes.
* CLK_TCK: (libc)CPU Time.
* CLOCAL: (libc)Control Modes.
* CLOCKS_PER_SEC: (libc)CPU Time.
* COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* CPU_CLR: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_ISSET: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_SET: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_SETSIZE: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CPU_ZERO: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* CREAD: (libc)Control Modes.
* CRTS_IFLOW: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS5: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS6: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS7: (libc)Control Modes.
* CS8: (libc)Control Modes.
* CSIZE: (libc)Control Modes.
* CSTOPB: (libc)Control Modes.
* DES_FAILED: (libc)DES Encryption.
* DTTOIF: (libc)Directory Entries.
* E2BIG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EACCES: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADDRINUSE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADDRNOTAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EADV: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAGAIN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EALREADY: (libc)Error Codes.
* EAUTH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBACKGROUND: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADF: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADFD: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADMSG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADRPC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADRQC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBADSLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBFONT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EBUSY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECANCELED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECHILD: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECHO: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOCTL: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOK: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOKE: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHONL: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHOPRT: (libc)Local Modes.
* ECHRNG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECOMM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNABORTED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNREFUSED: (libc)Error Codes.
* ECONNRESET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDEADLK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDEADLOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDESTADDRREQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDIED: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDOM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDOTDOT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EDQUOT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EEXIST: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFAULT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFBIG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EFTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EGRATUITOUS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EGREGIOUS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EHOSTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EHOSTUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIDRM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIEIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EILSEQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINPROGRESS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINTR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EINVAL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISCONN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISDIR: (libc)Error Codes.
* EISNAM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL2HLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL2NSYNC: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL3HLT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EL3RST: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBACC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBBAD: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBEXEC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBMAX: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELIBSCN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELNRNG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ELOOP: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMEDIUMTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMFILE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMLINK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMSGSIZE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EMULTIHOP: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENAMETOOLONG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENEEDAUTH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETRESET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENETUNREACH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENFILE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOANO: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOBUFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOCSI: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENODATA: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENODEV: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOENT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOEXEC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOLCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOLINK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMEDIUM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMEM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOMSG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENONET: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOPKG: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOPROTOOPT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSPC: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSTR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOSYS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTBLK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTCONN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTDIR: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTEMPTY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTNAM: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTSOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTSUP: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTTY: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENOTUNIQ: (libc)Error Codes.
* ENXIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EOF: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* EOPNOTSUPP: (libc)Error Codes.
* EOVERFLOW: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPERM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPFNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROCLIM: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROCUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROGMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROGUNAVAIL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTO: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTONOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* EPROTOTYPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EQUIV_CLASS_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* ERANGE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMCHG: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMOTE: (libc)Error Codes.
* EREMOTEIO: (libc)Error Codes.
* ERESTART: (libc)Error Codes.
* EROFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ERPCMISMATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESHUTDOWN: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESOCKTNOSUPPORT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESRCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESRMNT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESTALE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ESTRPIPE: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETIME: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETIMEDOUT: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETOOMANYREFS: (libc)Error Codes.
* ETXTBSY: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUCLEAN: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUNATCH: (libc)Error Codes.
* EUSERS: (libc)Error Codes.
* EWOULDBLOCK: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXDEV: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXFULL: (libc)Error Codes.
* EXIT_FAILURE: (libc)Exit Status.
* EXIT_SUCCESS: (libc)Exit Status.
* EXPR_NEST_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* FD_CLOEXEC: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* FD_CLR: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_ISSET: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_SET: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_SETSIZE: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FD_ZERO: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* FILENAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* FLUSHO: (libc)Local Modes.
* FOPEN_MAX: (libc)Opening Streams.
* FP_ILOGB0: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* FP_ILOGBNAN: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* F_DUPFD: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* F_GETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* F_GETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags.
* F_GETLK: (libc)File Locks.
* F_GETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input.
* F_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* F_SETFD: (libc)Descriptor Flags.
* F_SETFL: (libc)Getting File Status Flags.
* F_SETLK: (libc)File Locks.
* F_SETLKW: (libc)File Locks.
* F_SETOWN: (libc)Interrupt Input.
* HUGE_VAL: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUGE_VALF: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUGE_VALL: (libc)Math Error Reporting.
* HUPCL: (libc)Control Modes.
* I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* ICANON: (libc)Local Modes.
* ICRNL: (libc)Input Modes.
* IEXTEN: (libc)Local Modes.
* IFNAMSIZ: (libc)Interface Naming.
* IFTODT: (libc)Directory Entries.
* IGNBRK: (libc)Input Modes.
* IGNCR: (libc)Input Modes.
* IGNPAR: (libc)Input Modes.
* IMAXBEL: (libc)Input Modes.
* INADDR_ANY: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_BROADCAST: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_LOOPBACK: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INADDR_NONE: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* INFINITY: (libc)Infinity and NaN.
* INLCR: (libc)Input Modes.
* INPCK: (libc)Input Modes.
* IPPORT_RESERVED: (libc)Ports.
* IPPORT_USERRESERVED: (libc)Ports.
* ISIG: (libc)Local Modes.
* ISTRIP: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXANY: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXOFF: (libc)Input Modes.
* IXON: (libc)Input Modes.
* LINE_MAX: (libc)Utility Limits.
* LINK_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* L_ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal.
* L_cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In.
* L_tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* MAXNAMLEN: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MAXSYMLINKS: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* MAX_CANON: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MAX_INPUT: (libc)Limits for Files.
* MB_CUR_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion.
* MB_LEN_MAX: (libc)Selecting the Conversion.
* MDMBUF: (libc)Control Modes.
* MSG_DONTROUTE: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* MSG_OOB: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* MSG_PEEK: (libc)Socket Data Options.
* NAME_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* NAN: (libc)Infinity and NaN.
* NCCS: (libc)Mode Data Types.
* NGROUPS_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* NOFLSH: (libc)Local Modes.
* NOKERNINFO: (libc)Local Modes.
* NSIG: (libc)Standard Signals.
* NULL: (libc)Null Pointer Constant.
* ONLCR: (libc)Output Modes.
* ONOEOT: (libc)Output Modes.
* OPEN_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* OPOST: (libc)Output Modes.
* OXTABS: (libc)Output Modes.
* O_ACCMODE: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_APPEND: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_ASYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_CREAT: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_EXCL: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_EXEC: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_EXLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_FSYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_IGNORE_CTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NDELAY: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOATIME: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOCTTY: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NOLINK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_NONBLOCK: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_NOTRANS: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_RDONLY: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_RDWR: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_READ: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_SHLOCK: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_SYNC: (libc)Operating Modes.
* O_TRUNC: (libc)Open-time Flags.
* O_WRITE: (libc)Access Modes.
* O_WRONLY: (libc)Access Modes.
* PARENB: (libc)Control Modes.
* PARMRK: (libc)Input Modes.
* PARODD: (libc)Control Modes.
* PATH_MAX: (libc)Limits for Files.
* PA_FLAG_MASK: (libc)Parsing a Template String.
* PENDIN: (libc)Local Modes.
* PF_FILE: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PF_INET6: (libc)Internet Namespace.
* PF_INET: (libc)Internet Namespace.
* PF_LOCAL: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PF_UNIX: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* PIPE_BUF: (libc)Limits for Files.
* P_tmpdir: (libc)Temporary Files.
* RAND_MAX: (libc)ISO Random.
* RE_DUP_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* RLIM_INFINITY: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* R_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* SA_NOCLDSTOP: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SA_ONSTACK: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SA_RESTART: (libc)Flags for Sigaction.
* SEEK_CUR: (libc)File Positioning.
* SEEK_END: (libc)File Positioning.
* SEEK_SET: (libc)File Positioning.
* SIGABRT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGBUS: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGCHLD: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGCLD: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGCONT: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGEMT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGFPE: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGHUP: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGILL: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGINFO: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGINT: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGIO: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGIOT: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGKILL: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGLOST: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGPIPE: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGPOLL: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGPROF: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGQUIT: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGSEGV: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGSTOP: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGSYS: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGTERM: (libc)Termination Signals.
* SIGTRAP: (libc)Program Error Signals.
* SIGTSTP: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGTTIN: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGTTOU: (libc)Job Control Signals.
* SIGURG: (libc)Asynchronous I/O Signals.
* SIGUSR1: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGUSR2: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGVTALRM: (libc)Alarm Signals.
* SIGWINCH: (libc)Miscellaneous Signals.
* SIGXCPU: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIGXFSZ: (libc)Operation Error Signals.
* SIG_ERR: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* SOCK_DGRAM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_RAW: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_RDM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_SEQPACKET: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOCK_STREAM: (libc)Communication Styles.
* SOL_SOCKET: (libc)Socket-Level Options.
* SSIZE_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* STREAM_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* SUN_LEN: (libc)Local Namespace Details.
* SV_INTERRUPT: (libc)BSD Handler.
* SV_ONSTACK: (libc)BSD Handler.
* SV_RESETHAND: (libc)BSD Handler.
* S_IFMT: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISBLK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISCHR: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISDIR: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISFIFO: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISLNK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISREG: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_ISSOCK: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISMQ: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISSEM: (libc)Testing File Type.
* S_TYPEISSHM: (libc)Testing File Type.
* TMP_MAX: (libc)Temporary Files.
* TOSTOP: (libc)Local Modes.
* TZNAME_MAX: (libc)General Limits.
* VDISCARD: (libc)Other Special.
* VDSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VEOF: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VEOL2: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VEOL: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VERASE: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VINTR: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VKILL: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VLNEXT: (libc)Other Special.
* VMIN: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* VQUIT: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VREPRINT: (libc)Editing Characters.
* VSTART: (libc)Start/Stop Characters.
* VSTATUS: (libc)Other Special.
* VSTOP: (libc)Start/Stop Characters.
* VSUSP: (libc)Signal Characters.
* VTIME: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* VWERASE: (libc)Editing Characters.
* WCHAR_MAX: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WCHAR_MIN: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WCOREDUMP: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WEOF: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* WEOF: (libc)Extended Char Intro.
* WEXITSTATUS: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFEXITED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFSIGNALED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WIFSTOPPED: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WSTOPSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* WTERMSIG: (libc)Process Completion Status.
* W_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* X_OK: (libc)Testing File Access.
* _Complex_I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* _Exit: (libc)Termination Internals.
* _IOFBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _IOLBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _IONBF: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* _Imaginary_I: (libc)Complex Numbers.
* _PATH_UTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* _PATH_WTMP: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* _POSIX2_C_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_C_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported.
* _POSIX2_FORT_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_FORT_RUN: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX2_SW_DEV: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_NO_TRUNC: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_SAVED_IDS: (libc)System Options.
* _POSIX_VDISABLE: (libc)Options for Files.
* _POSIX_VERSION: (libc)Version Supported.
* __fbufsize: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __flbf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __fpending: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* __fpurge: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* __freadable: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __freading: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __fsetlocking: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* __fwritable: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __fwriting: (libc)Opening Streams.
* __gconv_end_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __gconv_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __gconv_init_fct: (libc)glibc iconv Implementation.
* __va_copy: (libc)Argument Macros.
* _exit: (libc)Termination Internals.
* _flushlbf: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* _tolower: (libc)Case Conversion.
* _toupper: (libc)Case Conversion.
* a64l: (libc)Encode Binary Data.
* abort: (libc)Aborting a Program.
* abs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* accept: (libc)Accepting Connections.
* access: (libc)Testing File Access.
* acos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* acosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* acosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* acosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* addmntent: (libc)mtab.
* addseverity: (libc)Adding Severity Classes.
* adjtime: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* adjtimex: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* aio_cancel64: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations.
* aio_cancel: (libc)Cancel AIO Operations.
* aio_error64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_error: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_fsync64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_fsync: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_init: (libc)Configuration of AIO.
* aio_read64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_read: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_return64: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_return: (libc)Status of AIO Operations.
* aio_suspend64: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_suspend: (libc)Synchronizing AIO Operations.
* aio_write64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* aio_write: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* alarm: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* alloca: (libc)Variable Size Automatic.
* alphasort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* alphasort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* argp_error: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_failure: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_help: (libc)Argp Help.
* argp_parse: (libc)Argp.
* argp_state_help: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argp_usage: (libc)Argp Helper Functions.
* argz_add: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_add_sep: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_append: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_count: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_create: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_create_sep: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_delete: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_extract: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_insert: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_next: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_replace: (libc)Argz Functions.
* argz_stringify: (libc)Argz Functions.
* asctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* asctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* asin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* asinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* asprintf: (libc)Dynamic Output.
* assert: (libc)Consistency Checking.
* assert_perror: (libc)Consistency Checking.
* atan2: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan2f: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan2l: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* atanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* atexit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit.
* atof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* atoi: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* atol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* atoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* backtrace: (libc)Backtraces.
* backtrace_symbols: (libc)Backtraces.
* backtrace_symbols_fd: (libc)Backtraces.
* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* basename: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* bcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* bcopy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* bind: (libc)Setting Address.
* bind_textdomain_codeset: (libc)Charset conversion in gettext.
* bindtextdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog.
* brk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment.
* bsearch: (libc)Array Search Function.
* btowc: (libc)Converting a Character.
* bzero: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* cabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cabsf: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cabsl: (libc)Absolute Value.
* cacos: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* cacosf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* cacosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cacosl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* calloc: (libc)Allocating Cleared Space.
* canonicalize_file_name: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* carg: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cargf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cargl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* casin: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* casinf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* casinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* casinl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catan: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catanf: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* catanl: (libc)Inverse Trig Functions.
* catclose: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* catgets: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* catopen: (libc)The catgets Functions.
* cbc_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* cbrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cbrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cbrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ccos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ccosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ccosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccoshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccoshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ccosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ceil: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* ceilf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* ceill: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* cexp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cexpf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cexpl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cfgetispeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfgetospeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfmakeraw: (libc)Noncanonical Input.
* cfree: (libc)Freeing after Malloc.
* cfsetispeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfsetospeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* cfsetspeed: (libc)Line Speed.
* chdir: (libc)Working Directory.
* chmod: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* chown: (libc)File Owner.
* cimag: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cimagf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cimagl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* clearenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* clearerr: (libc)Error Recovery.
* clearerr_unlocked: (libc)Error Recovery.
* clock: (libc)CPU Time.
* clog10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clog: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clogf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* clogl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* close: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* closedir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* closelog: (libc)closelog.
* confstr: (libc)String Parameters.
* conj: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* conjf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* conjl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* connect: (libc)Connecting.
* copysign: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* copysignf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* copysignl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* cos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cosh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* coshf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* coshl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* cosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* cpow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cpowf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cpowl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* cproj: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cprojf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* cprojl: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creal: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* crealf: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creall: (libc)Operations on Complex.
* creat64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* creat: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* crypt: (libc)crypt.
* crypt_r: (libc)crypt.
* csin: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csinf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* csinl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* csqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* csqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* csqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ctan: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctanf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* ctanl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* ctermid: (libc)Identifying the Terminal.
* ctime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* ctime_r: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* cuserid: (libc)Who Logged In.
* dcgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* dcngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* des_setparity: (libc)DES Encryption.
* dgettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* difftime: (libc)Elapsed Time.
* dirfd: (libc)Opening a Directory.
* dirname: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* div: (libc)Integer Division.
* dngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* drand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* drand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* drem: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dremf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dreml: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* dup2: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* dup: (libc)Duplicating Descriptors.
* ecb_crypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* ecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* ecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* encrypt: (libc)DES Encryption.
* encrypt_r: (libc)DES Encryption.
* endfsent: (libc)fstab.
* endgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* endhostent: (libc)Host Names.
* endmntent: (libc)mtab.
* endnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* endnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* endprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* endpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* endservent: (libc)Services Database.
* endutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* endutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* envz_add: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_entry: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_get: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_merge: (libc)Envz Functions.
* envz_strip: (libc)Envz Functions.
* erand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* erand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* erf: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfc: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfcf: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfcl: (libc)Special Functions.
* erff: (libc)Special Functions.
* erfl: (libc)Special Functions.
* err: (libc)Error Messages.
* errno: (libc)Checking for Errors.
* error: (libc)Error Messages.
* error_at_line: (libc)Error Messages.
* errx: (libc)Error Messages.
* execl: (libc)Executing a File.
* execle: (libc)Executing a File.
* execlp: (libc)Executing a File.
* execv: (libc)Executing a File.
* execve: (libc)Executing a File.
* execvp: (libc)Executing a File.
* exit: (libc)Normal Termination.
* exp10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* exp: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* expm1l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* fabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fabsf: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fabsl: (libc)Absolute Value.
* fchdir: (libc)Working Directory.
* fchmod: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* fchown: (libc)File Owner.
* fclean: (libc)Cleaning Streams.
* fclose: (libc)Closing Streams.
* fcloseall: (libc)Closing Streams.
* fcntl: (libc)Control Operations.
* fcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* fcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* fdatasync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* fdim: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdimf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdiml: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fdopen: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* feclearexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fedisableexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* feenableexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* fegetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fegetround: (libc)Rounding.
* feholdexcept: (libc)Control Functions.
* feof: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* feof_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* feraiseexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* ferror: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* ferror_unlocked: (libc)EOF and Errors.
* fesetenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fesetexceptflag: (libc)Status bit operations.
* fesetround: (libc)Rounding.
* fetestexcept: (libc)Status bit operations.
* feupdateenv: (libc)Control Functions.
* fflush: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* fflush_unlocked: (libc)Flushing Buffers.
* fgetc: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* fgetgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* fgetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fgetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fgetpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* fgetpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* fgets: (libc)Line Input.
* fgets_unlocked: (libc)Line Input.
* fgetwc: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* fgetws: (libc)Line Input.
* fgetws_unlocked: (libc)Line Input.
* fileno: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* fileno_unlocked: (libc)Descriptors and Streams.
* finite: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* finitef: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* finitel: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* flockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* floor: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* floorf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* floorl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* fma: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmal: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmax: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaxf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmaxl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmemopen: (libc)String Streams.
* fmin: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fminf: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fminl: (libc)Misc FP Arithmetic.
* fmod: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmodf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmodl: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* fmtmsg: (libc)Printing Formatted Messages.
* fnmatch: (libc)Wildcard Matching.
* fopen64: (libc)Opening Streams.
* fopen: (libc)Opening Streams.
* fopencookie: (libc)Streams and Cookies.
* fork: (libc)Creating a Process.
* forkpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs.
* fpathconf: (libc)Pathconf.
* fpclassify: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* fprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* fputc: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputs: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputs_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputwc: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputws: (libc)Simple Output.
* fputws_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* fread: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fread_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* free: (libc)Freeing after Malloc.
* freopen64: (libc)Opening Streams.
* freopen: (libc)Opening Streams.
* frexp: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* frexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* frexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* fscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* fseek: (libc)File Positioning.
* fseeko64: (libc)File Positioning.
* fseeko: (libc)File Positioning.
* fsetpos64: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fsetpos: (libc)Portable Positioning.
* fstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* fstat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* fsync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* ftell: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftello64: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftello: (libc)File Positioning.
* ftruncate64: (libc)File Size.
* ftruncate: (libc)File Size.
* ftrylockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* ftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* ftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* funlockfile: (libc)Streams and Threads.
* futimes: (libc)File Times.
* fwide: (libc)Streams and I18N.
* fwprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* fwrite: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fwrite_unlocked: (libc)Block Input/Output.
* fwscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* gamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* gammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* gammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* gcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* get_avphys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* get_current_dir_name: (libc)Working Directory.
* get_nprocs: (libc)Processor Resources.
* get_nprocs_conf: (libc)Processor Resources.
* get_phys_pages: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* getc: (libc)Character Input.
* getc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getchar: (libc)Character Input.
* getchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* getcwd: (libc)Working Directory.
* getdate: (libc)General Time String Parsing.
* getdate_r: (libc)General Time String Parsing.
* getdelim: (libc)Line Input.
* getdomainnname: (libc)Host Identification.
* getegid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* geteuid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getfsent: (libc)fstab.
* getfsfile: (libc)fstab.
* getfsspec: (libc)fstab.
* getgid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* getgrent_r: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* getgrgid: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrgid_r: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrnam: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrnam_r: (libc)Lookup Group.
* getgrouplist: (libc)Setting Groups.
* getgroups: (libc)Reading Persona.
* gethostbyaddr: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyaddr_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname2: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname2_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostbyname_r: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostent: (libc)Host Names.
* gethostid: (libc)Host Identification.
* gethostname: (libc)Host Identification.
* getitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* getline: (libc)Line Input.
* getloadavg: (libc)Processor Resources.
* getlogin: (libc)Who Logged In.
* getmntent: (libc)mtab.
* getmntent_r: (libc)mtab.
* getnetbyaddr: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetbyname: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* getnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* getnetgrent_r: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* getopt: (libc)Using Getopt.
* getopt_long: (libc)Getopt Long Options.
* getopt_long_only: (libc)Getopt Long Options.
* getpagesize: (libc)Query Memory Parameters.
* getpass: (libc)getpass.
* getpeername: (libc)Who is Connected.
* getpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getpid: (libc)Process Identification.
* getppid: (libc)Process Identification.
* getpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* getprotobyname: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getprotobynumber: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* getpt: (libc)Allocation.
* getpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* getpwent_r: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* getpwnam: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwnam_r: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwuid: (libc)Lookup User.
* getpwuid_r: (libc)Lookup User.
* getrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* getrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* getrusage: (libc)Resource Usage.
* gets: (libc)Line Input.
* getservbyname: (libc)Services Database.
* getservbyport: (libc)Services Database.
* getservent: (libc)Services Database.
* getsid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* getsockname: (libc)Reading Address.
* getsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions.
* getsubopt: (libc)Suboptions.
* gettext: (libc)Translation with gettext.
* gettimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* getuid: (libc)Reading Persona.
* getumask: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* getutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutent_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutid: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutid_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutline: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutline_r: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* getutmp: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutmpx: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxid: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getutxline: (libc)XPG Functions.
* getw: (libc)Character Input.
* getwc: (libc)Character Input.
* getwc_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getwchar: (libc)Character Input.
* getwchar_unlocked: (libc)Character Input.
* getwd: (libc)Working Directory.
* glob64: (libc)Calling Glob.
* glob: (libc)Calling Glob.
* globfree64: (libc)More Flags for Globbing.
* globfree: (libc)More Flags for Globbing.
* gmtime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* gmtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* grantpt: (libc)Allocation.
* gsignal: (libc)Signaling Yourself.
* gtty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes.
* hasmntopt: (libc)mtab.
* hcreate: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hcreate_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hdestroy: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hdestroy_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hsearch: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* hsearch_r: (libc)Hash Search Function.
* htonl: (libc)Byte Order.
* htons: (libc)Byte Order.
* hypot: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* hypotf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* hypotl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* iconv: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* iconv_close: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* iconv_open: (libc)Generic Conversion Interface.
* if_freenameindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_indextoname: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_nameindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* if_nametoindex: (libc)Interface Naming.
* ilogb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ilogbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* ilogbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* imaxabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* imaxdiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* in6addr_any: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* in6addr_loopback: (libc)Host Address Data Type.
* index: (libc)Search Functions.
* inet_addr: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_aton: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_lnaof: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_makeaddr: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_netof: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_network: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_ntoa: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_ntop: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* inet_pton: (libc)Host Address Functions.
* initgroups: (libc)Setting Groups.
* initstate: (libc)BSD Random.
* initstate_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* innetgr: (libc)Netgroup Membership.
* ioctl: (libc)IOCTLs.
* isalnum: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isalpha: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isascii: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isatty: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* isblank: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* iscntrl: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isfinite: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isgraph: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isgreaterequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isinf: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isinff: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isinfl: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isless: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islessequal: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islessgreater: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* islower: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnan: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnanf: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnanl: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isnormal: (libc)Floating Point Classes.
* isprint: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* ispunct: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isspace: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* isunordered: (libc)FP Comparison Functions.
* isupper: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* iswalnum: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswalpha: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswblank: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswcntrl: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswgraph: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswlower: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswprint: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswpunct: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswspace: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswupper: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* iswxdigit: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* isxdigit: (libc)Classification of Characters.
* j0: (libc)Special Functions.
* j0f: (libc)Special Functions.
* j0l: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1f: (libc)Special Functions.
* j1l: (libc)Special Functions.
* jn: (libc)Special Functions.
* jnf: (libc)Special Functions.
* jnl: (libc)Special Functions.
* jrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* jrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* kill: (libc)Signaling Another Process.
* killpg: (libc)Signaling Another Process.
* l64a: (libc)Encode Binary Data.
* labs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* lcong48: (libc)SVID Random.
* lcong48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* ldexp: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldexpf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldexpl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* ldiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* lfind: (libc)Array Search Function.
* lgamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgamma_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammaf_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* lgammal_r: (libc)Special Functions.
* link: (libc)Hard Links.
* lio_listio64: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* lio_listio: (libc)Asynchronous Reads/Writes.
* listen: (libc)Listening.
* llabs: (libc)Absolute Value.
* lldiv: (libc)Integer Division.
* llrint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llround: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* llroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* localeconv: (libc)The Lame Way to Locale Data.
* localtime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* localtime_r: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* log10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1p: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1pf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log1pl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log2l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* log: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logb: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logbf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logbl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* login: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* login_tty: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* logl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* logout: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* logwtmp: (libc)Logging In and Out.
* longjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details.
* lrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* lrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* lrint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lrintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lrintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lround: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lroundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lroundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* lsearch: (libc)Array Search Function.
* lseek64: (libc)File Position Primitive.
* lseek: (libc)File Position Primitive.
* lstat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* lstat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* lutimes: (libc)File Times.
* madvise: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* makecontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* mallinfo: (libc)Statistics of Malloc.
* malloc: (libc)Basic Allocation.
* mallopt: (libc)Malloc Tunable Parameters.
* mblen: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* mbrlen: (libc)Converting a Character.
* mbrtowc: (libc)Converting a Character.
* mbsinit: (libc)Keeping the state.
* mbsnrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* mbsrtowcs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* mbstowcs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion.
* mbtowc: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* mcheck: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking.
* memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* memccpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* memcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* memcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memfrob: (libc)Trivial Encryption.
* memmem: (libc)Search Functions.
* memmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* mempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* memrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* memset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* mkdir: (libc)Creating Directories.
* mkdtemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mkfifo: (libc)FIFO Special Files.
* mknod: (libc)Making Special Files.
* mkstemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mktemp: (libc)Temporary Files.
* mktime: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* mlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* mlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* mmap64: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* mmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* modf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* modff: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* modfl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* mount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* mprobe: (libc)Heap Consistency Checking.
* mrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* mrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* mremap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* msync: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* mtrace: (libc)Tracing malloc.
* munlock: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* munlockall: (libc)Page Lock Functions.
* munmap: (libc)Memory-mapped I/O.
* muntrace: (libc)Tracing malloc.
* nan: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nanosleep: (libc)Sleeping.
* nearbyint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nearbyintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nearbyintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* nextafter: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nextafterf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nextafterl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttoward: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttowardf: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nexttowardl: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* nftw64: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* nftw: (libc)Working with Directory Trees.
* ngettext: (libc)Advanced gettext functions.
* nice: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* nl_langinfo: (libc)The Elegant and Fast Way.
* nrand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* nrand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* ntohl: (libc)Byte Order.
* ntohs: (libc)Byte Order.
* ntp_adjtime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock.
* ntp_gettime: (libc)High Accuracy Clock.
* obstack_1grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_1grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_alignment_mask: (libc)Obstacks Data Alignment.
* obstack_alloc: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_base: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_blank: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_blank_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_chunk_size: (libc)Obstack Chunks.
* obstack_copy0: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_copy: (libc)Allocation in an Obstack.
* obstack_finish: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_free: (libc)Freeing Obstack Objects.
* obstack_grow0: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_init: (libc)Preparing for Obstacks.
* obstack_int_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_int_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_next_free: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_object_size: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_object_size: (libc)Status of an Obstack.
* obstack_printf: (libc)Dynamic Output.
* obstack_ptr_grow: (libc)Growing Objects.
* obstack_ptr_grow_fast: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_room: (libc)Extra Fast Growing.
* obstack_vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* offsetof: (libc)Structure Measurement.
* on_exit: (libc)Cleanups on Exit.
* open64: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* open: (libc)Opening and Closing Files.
* open_memstream: (libc)String Streams.
* open_obstack_stream: (libc)Obstack Streams.
* opendir: (libc)Opening a Directory.
* openlog: (libc)openlog.
* openpty: (libc)Pseudo-Terminal Pairs.
* parse_printf_format: (libc)Parsing a Template String.
* pathconf: (libc)Pathconf.
* pause: (libc)Using Pause.
* pclose: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess.
* perror: (libc)Error Messages.
* pipe: (libc)Creating a Pipe.
* popen: (libc)Pipe to a Subprocess.
* posix_memalign: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* pow10: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow10f: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow10l: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pow: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* powf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* powl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* pread64: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* pread: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* printf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* printf_size: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers.
* printf_size_info: (libc)Predefined Printf Handlers.
* psignal: (libc)Signal Messages.
* ptsname: (libc)Allocation.
* ptsname_r: (libc)Allocation.
* putc: (libc)Simple Output.
* putc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putchar: (libc)Simple Output.
* putchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* putpwent: (libc)Writing a User Entry.
* puts: (libc)Simple Output.
* pututline: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* pututxline: (libc)XPG Functions.
* putw: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwc: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwc_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwchar: (libc)Simple Output.
* putwchar_unlocked: (libc)Simple Output.
* pwrite64: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* pwrite: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* qecvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qecvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qfcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qfcvt_r: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qgcvt: (libc)System V Number Conversion.
* qsort: (libc)Array Sort Function.
* raise: (libc)Signaling Yourself.
* rand: (libc)ISO Random.
* rand_r: (libc)ISO Random.
* random: (libc)BSD Random.
* random_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* rawmemchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* read: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* readdir64: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir64_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readdir_r: (libc)Reading/Closing Directory.
* readlink: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* readv: (libc)Scatter-Gather.
* realloc: (libc)Changing Block Size.
* realpath: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* recv: (libc)Receiving Data.
* recvfrom: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* recvmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* regcomp: (libc)POSIX Regexp Compilation.
* regerror: (libc)Regexp Cleanup.
* regexec: (libc)Matching POSIX Regexps.
* regfree: (libc)Regexp Cleanup.
* register_printf_function: (libc)Registering New Conversions.
* remainder: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remainderf: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remainderl: (libc)Remainder Functions.
* remove: (libc)Deleting Files.
* rename: (libc)Renaming Files.
* rewind: (libc)File Positioning.
* rewinddir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* rindex: (libc)Search Functions.
* rint: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rintf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rintl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rmdir: (libc)Deleting Files.
* round: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* roundf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* roundl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* rpmatch: (libc)Yes-or-No Questions.
* sbrk: (libc)Resizing the Data Segment.
* scalb: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbln: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalblnf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalblnl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbn: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbnf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scalbnl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* scandir64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* scandir: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* scanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* sched_get_priority_max: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_get_priority_min: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_getaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* sched_getparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_getscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_rr_get_interval: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_setaffinity: (libc)CPU Affinity.
* sched_setparam: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_setscheduler: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* sched_yield: (libc)Basic Scheduling Functions.
* seed48: (libc)SVID Random.
* seed48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* seekdir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* select: (libc)Waiting for I/O.
* send: (libc)Sending Data.
* sendmsg: (libc)Receiving Datagrams.
* sendto: (libc)Sending Datagrams.
* setbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setbuffer: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* setdomainname: (libc)Host Identification.
* setegid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* seteuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setfsent: (libc)fstab.
* setgid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setgrent: (libc)Scanning All Groups.
* setgroups: (libc)Setting Groups.
* sethostent: (libc)Host Names.
* sethostid: (libc)Host Identification.
* sethostname: (libc)Host Identification.
* setitimer: (libc)Setting an Alarm.
* setjmp: (libc)Non-Local Details.
* setkey: (libc)DES Encryption.
* setkey_r: (libc)DES Encryption.
* setlinebuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* setlocale: (libc)Setting the Locale.
* setlogmask: (libc)setlogmask.
* setmntent: (libc)mtab.
* setnetent: (libc)Networks Database.
* setnetgrent: (libc)Lookup Netgroup.
* setpgid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setpgrp: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setpriority: (libc)Traditional Scheduling Functions.
* setprotoent: (libc)Protocols Database.
* setpwent: (libc)Scanning All Users.
* setregid: (libc)Setting Groups.
* setreuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setrlimit64: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* setrlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* setservent: (libc)Services Database.
* setsid: (libc)Process Group Functions.
* setsockopt: (libc)Socket Option Functions.
* setstate: (libc)BSD Random.
* setstate_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* settimeofday: (libc)High-Resolution Calendar.
* setuid: (libc)Setting User ID.
* setutent: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* setutxent: (libc)XPG Functions.
* setvbuf: (libc)Controlling Buffering.
* shutdown: (libc)Closing a Socket.
* sigaction: (libc)Advanced Signal Handling.
* sigaddset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigaltstack: (libc)Signal Stack.
* sigblock: (libc)Blocking in BSD.
* sigdelset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigemptyset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* sigfillset: (libc)Signal Sets.
* siginterrupt: (libc)BSD Handler.
* sigismember: (libc)Signal Sets.
* siglongjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals.
* sigmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD.
* signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* signbit: (libc)FP Bit Twiddling.
* significand: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* significandf: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* significandl: (libc)Normalization Functions.
* sigpause: (libc)Blocking in BSD.
* sigpending: (libc)Checking for Pending Signals.
* sigprocmask: (libc)Process Signal Mask.
* sigsetjmp: (libc)Non-Local Exits and Signals.
* sigsetmask: (libc)Blocking in BSD.
* sigstack: (libc)Signal Stack.
* sigsuspend: (libc)Sigsuspend.
* sigvec: (libc)BSD Handler.
* sin: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincos: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincosf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sincosl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sinf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sinh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* sinl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* sleep: (libc)Sleeping.
* snprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* socket: (libc)Creating a Socket.
* socketpair: (libc)Socket Pairs.
* sprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* sqrt: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* sqrtf: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* sqrtl: (libc)Exponents and Logarithms.
* srand48: (libc)SVID Random.
* srand48_r: (libc)SVID Random.
* srand: (libc)ISO Random.
* srandom: (libc)BSD Random.
* srandom_r: (libc)BSD Random.
* sscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* ssignal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* stat64: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* stat: (libc)Reading Attributes.
* stime: (libc)Simple Calendar Time.
* stpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* stpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strcasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strcasestr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strcat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strchrnul: (libc)Search Functions.
* strcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strcoll: (libc)Collation Functions.
* strcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strcspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* strdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strdupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strerror: (libc)Error Messages.
* strerror_r: (libc)Error Messages.
* strfmon: (libc)Formatting Numbers.
* strfry: (libc)strfry.
* strftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* strlen: (libc)String Length.
* strncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strndup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strndupa: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* strnlen: (libc)String Length.
* strpbrk: (libc)Search Functions.
* strptime: (libc)Low-Level Time String Parsing.
* strrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strsep: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strsignal: (libc)Signal Messages.
* strspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* strstr: (libc)Search Functions.
* strtod: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strtok_r: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* strtol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtold: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* strtoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strtouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* strverscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* strxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions.
* stty: (libc)BSD Terminal Modes.
* swapcontext: (libc)System V contexts.
* swprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* swscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* symlink: (libc)Symbolic Links.
* sync: (libc)Synchronizing I/O.
* syscall: (libc)System Calls.
* sysconf: (libc)Sysconf Definition.
* sysctl: (libc)System Parameters.
* syslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog.
* system: (libc)Running a Command.
* sysv_signal: (libc)Basic Signal Handling.
* tan: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tanf: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tanh: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanhf: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanhl: (libc)Hyperbolic Functions.
* tanl: (libc)Trig Functions.
* tcdrain: (libc)Line Control.
* tcflow: (libc)Line Control.
* tcflush: (libc)Line Control.
* tcgetattr: (libc)Mode Functions.
* tcgetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tcgetsid: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tcsendbreak: (libc)Line Control.
* tcsetattr: (libc)Mode Functions.
* tcsetpgrp: (libc)Terminal Access Functions.
* tdelete: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tdestroy: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* telldir: (libc)Random Access Directory.
* tempnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* textdomain: (libc)Locating gettext catalog.
* tfind: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tgamma: (libc)Special Functions.
* tgammaf: (libc)Special Functions.
* tgammal: (libc)Special Functions.
* time: (libc)Simple Calendar Time.
* timegm: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* timelocal: (libc)Broken-down Time.
* times: (libc)Processor Time.
* tmpfile64: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpfile: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpnam: (libc)Temporary Files.
* tmpnam_r: (libc)Temporary Files.
* toascii: (libc)Case Conversion.
* tolower: (libc)Case Conversion.
* toupper: (libc)Case Conversion.
* towctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* towlower: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* towupper: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* trunc: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* truncate64: (libc)File Size.
* truncate: (libc)File Size.
* truncf: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* truncl: (libc)Rounding Functions.
* tsearch: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* ttyname: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* ttyname_r: (libc)Is It a Terminal.
* twalk: (libc)Tree Search Function.
* tzset: (libc)Time Zone Functions.
* ulimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* umask: (libc)Setting Permissions.
* umount2: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* umount: (libc)Mount-Unmount-Remount.
* uname: (libc)Platform Type.
* ungetc: (libc)How Unread.
* ungetwc: (libc)How Unread.
* unlink: (libc)Deleting Files.
* unlockpt: (libc)Allocation.
* unsetenv: (libc)Environment Access.
* updwtmp: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* utime: (libc)File Times.
* utimes: (libc)File Times.
* utmpname: (libc)Manipulating the Database.
* utmpxname: (libc)XPG Functions.
* va_arg: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_end: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_start: (libc)Argument Macros.
* va_start: (libc)Old Varargs.
* valloc: (libc)Aligned Memory Blocks.
* vasprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* verr: (libc)Error Messages.
* verrx: (libc)Error Messages.
* versionsort64: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* versionsort: (libc)Scanning Directory Content.
* vfork: (libc)Creating a Process.
* vfprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vfscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vfwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vfwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vlimit: (libc)Limits on Resources.
* vprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vsnprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vsprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vsscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vswprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vswscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* vsyslog: (libc)syslog; vsyslog.
* vtimes: (libc)Resource Usage.
* vwarn: (libc)Error Messages.
* vwarnx: (libc)Error Messages.
* vwprintf: (libc)Variable Arguments Output.
* vwscanf: (libc)Variable Arguments Input.
* wait3: (libc)BSD Wait Functions.
* wait4: (libc)Process Completion.
* wait: (libc)Process Completion.
* waitpid: (libc)Process Completion.
* warn: (libc)Error Messages.
* warnx: (libc)Error Messages.
* wcpcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcpncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcrtomb: (libc)Converting a Character.
* wcscasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcscat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcschr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcschrnul: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcscmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcscoll: (libc)Collation Functions.
* wcscpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcscspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsdup: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsftime: (libc)Formatting Calendar Time.
* wcslen: (libc)String Length.
* wcsncasecmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcsncat: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsncmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wcsncpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wcsnlen: (libc)String Length.
* wcsnrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* wcspbrk: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsrchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsrtombs: (libc)Converting Strings.
* wcsspn: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsstr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcstod: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstof: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstoimax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstok: (libc)Finding Tokens in a String.
* wcstol: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstold: (libc)Parsing of Floats.
* wcstoll: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstombs: (libc)Non-reentrant String Conversion.
* wcstoq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoul: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoull: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstoumax: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcstouq: (libc)Parsing of Integers.
* wcswcs: (libc)Search Functions.
* wcsxfrm: (libc)Collation Functions.
* wctob: (libc)Converting a Character.
* wctomb: (libc)Non-reentrant Character Conversion.
* wctrans: (libc)Wide Character Case Conversion.
* wctype: (libc)Classification of Wide Characters.
* wmemchr: (libc)Search Functions.
* wmemcmp: (libc)String/Array Comparison.
* wmemcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmemmove: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmempcpy: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wmemset: (libc)Copying and Concatenation.
* wordexp: (libc)Calling Wordexp.
* wordfree: (libc)Calling Wordexp.
* wprintf: (libc)Formatted Output Functions.
* write: (libc)I/O Primitives.
* writev: (libc)Scatter-Gather.
* wscanf: (libc)Formatted Input Functions.
* y0: (libc)Special Functions.
* y0f: (libc)Special Functions.
* y0l: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1f: (libc)Special Functions.
* y1l: (libc)Special Functions.
* yn: (libc)Special Functions.
* ynf: (libc)Special Functions.
* ynl: (libc)Special Functions.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
This file documents the GNU C library.
This is Edition 0.10, last updated 2001-07-06, of `The GNU C Library
Reference Manual', for Version 2.3.x.
Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002,
2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "Free Software Needs Free Documentation" and
"GNU Lesser General Public License", the Front-Cover texts being (a)
(see below), and with the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A
copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free
Documentation License".
(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
A GNU Manual
(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.
File: libc.info, Node: String Streams, Next: Obstack Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams
12.21.1 String Streams
----------------------
The `fmemopen' and `open_memstream' functions allow you to do I/O to a
string or memory buffer. These facilities are declared in `stdio.h'.
-- Function: FILE * fmemopen (void *BUF, size_t SIZE, const char
*OPENTYPE)
This function opens a stream that allows the access specified by
the OPENTYPE argument, that reads from or writes to the buffer
specified by the argument BUF. This array must be at least SIZE
bytes long.
If you specify a null pointer as the BUF argument, `fmemopen'
dynamically allocates an array SIZE bytes long (as with `malloc';
*note Unconstrained Allocation::). This is really only useful if
you are going to write things to the buffer and then read them back
in again, because you have no way of actually getting a pointer to
the buffer (for this, try `open_memstream', below). The buffer is
freed when the stream is closed.
The argument OPENTYPE is the same as in `fopen' (*note Opening
Streams::). If the OPENTYPE specifies append mode, then the
initial file position is set to the first null character in the
buffer. Otherwise the initial file position is at the beginning
of the buffer.
When a stream open for writing is flushed or closed, a null
character (zero byte) is written at the end of the buffer if it
fits. You should add an extra byte to the SIZE argument to
account for this. Attempts to write more than SIZE bytes to the
buffer result in an error.
For a stream open for reading, null characters (zero bytes) in the
buffer do not count as "end of file". Read operations indicate
end of file only when the file position advances past SIZE bytes.
So, if you want to read characters from a null-terminated string,
you should supply the length of the string as the SIZE argument.
Here is an example of using `fmemopen' to create a stream for
reading from a string:
#include <stdio.h>
static char buffer[] = "foobar";
int
main (void)
{
int ch;
FILE *stream;
stream = fmemopen (buffer, strlen (buffer), "r");
while ((ch = fgetc (stream)) != EOF)
printf ("Got %c\n", ch);
fclose (stream);
return 0;
}
This program produces the following output:
Got f
Got o
Got o
Got b
Got a
Got r
-- Function: FILE * open_memstream (char **PTR, size_t *SIZELOC)
This function opens a stream for writing to a buffer. The buffer
is allocated dynamically (as with `malloc'; *note Unconstrained
Allocation::) and grown as necessary.
When the stream is closed with `fclose' or flushed with `fflush',
the locations PTR and SIZELOC are updated to contain the pointer
to the buffer and its size. The values thus stored remain valid
only as long as no further output on the stream takes place. If
you do more output, you must flush the stream again to store new
values before you use them again.
A null character is written at the end of the buffer. This null
character is _not_ included in the size value stored at SIZELOC.
You can move the stream's file position with `fseek' or `fseeko'
(*note File Positioning::). Moving the file position past the end
of the data already written fills the intervening space with
zeroes.
Here is an example of using `open_memstream':
#include <stdio.h>
int
main (void)
{
char *bp;
size_t size;
FILE *stream;
stream = open_memstream (&bp, &size);
fprintf (stream, "hello");
fflush (stream);
printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size);
fprintf (stream, ", world");
fclose (stream);
printf ("buf = `%s', size = %d\n", bp, size);
return 0;
}
This program produces the following output:
buf = `hello', size = 5
buf = `hello, world', size = 12
File: libc.info, Node: Obstack Streams, Next: Custom Streams, Prev: String Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams
12.21.2 Obstack Streams
-----------------------
You can open an output stream that puts it data in an obstack. *Note
Obstacks::.
-- Function: FILE * open_obstack_stream (struct obstack *OBSTACK)
This function opens a stream for writing data into the obstack
OBSTACK. This starts an object in the obstack and makes it grow
as data is written (*note Growing Objects::).
Calling `fflush' on this stream updates the current size of the
object to match the amount of data that has been written. After a
call to `fflush', you can examine the object temporarily.
You can move the file position of an obstack stream with `fseek' or
`fseeko' (*note File Positioning::). Moving the file position past
the end of the data written fills the intervening space with zeros.
To make the object permanent, update the obstack with `fflush', and
then use `obstack_finish' to finalize the object and get its
address. The following write to the stream starts a new object in
the obstack, and later writes add to that object until you do
another `fflush' and `obstack_finish'.
But how do you find out how long the object is? You can get the
length in bytes by calling `obstack_object_size' (*note Status of
an Obstack::), or you can null-terminate the object like this:
obstack_1grow (OBSTACK, 0);
Whichever one you do, you must do it _before_ calling
`obstack_finish'. (You can do both if you wish.)
Here is a sample function that uses `open_obstack_stream':
char *
make_message_string (const char *a, int b)
{
FILE *stream = open_obstack_stream (&message_obstack);
output_task (stream);
fprintf (stream, ": ");
fprintf (stream, a, b);
fprintf (stream, "\n");
fclose (stream);
obstack_1grow (&message_obstack, 0);
return obstack_finish (&message_obstack);
}
File: libc.info, Node: Custom Streams, Prev: Obstack Streams, Up: Other Kinds of Streams
12.21.3 Programming Your Own Custom Streams
-------------------------------------------
This section describes how you can make a stream that gets input from an
arbitrary data source or writes output to an arbitrary data sink
programmed by you. We call these "custom streams". The functions and
types described here are all GNU extensions.
* Menu:
* Streams and Cookies:: The "cookie" records where to fetch or
store data that is read or written.
* Hook Functions:: How you should define the four "hook
functions" that a custom stream needs.
File: libc.info, Node: Streams and Cookies, Next: Hook Functions, Up: Custom Streams
12.21.3.1 Custom Streams and Cookies
....................................
Inside every custom stream is a special object called the "cookie".
This is an object supplied by you which records where to fetch or store
the data read or written. It is up to you to define a data type to use
for the cookie. The stream functions in the library never refer
directly to its contents, and they don't even know what the type is;
they record its address with type `void *'.
To implement a custom stream, you must specify _how_ to fetch or
store the data in the specified place. You do this by defining "hook
functions" to read, write, change "file position", and close the
stream. All four of these functions will be passed the stream's cookie
so they can tell where to fetch or store the data. The library
functions don't know what's inside the cookie, but your functions will
know.
When you create a custom stream, you must specify the cookie pointer,
and also the four hook functions stored in a structure of type
`cookie_io_functions_t'.
These facilities are declared in `stdio.h'.
-- Data Type: cookie_io_functions_t
This is a structure type that holds the functions that define the
communications protocol between the stream and its cookie. It has
the following members:
`cookie_read_function_t *read'
This is the function that reads data from the cookie. If the
value is a null pointer instead of a function, then read
operations on this stream always return `EOF'.
`cookie_write_function_t *write'
This is the function that writes data to the cookie. If the
value is a null pointer instead of a function, then data
written to the stream is discarded.
`cookie_seek_function_t *seek'
This is the function that performs the equivalent of file
positioning on the cookie. If the value is a null pointer
instead of a function, calls to `fseek' or `fseeko' on this
stream can only seek to locations within the buffer; any
attempt to seek outside the buffer will return an `ESPIPE'
error.
`cookie_close_function_t *close'
This function performs any appropriate cleanup on the cookie
when closing the stream. If the value is a null pointer
instead of a function, nothing special is done to close the
cookie when the stream is closed.
-- Function: FILE * fopencookie (void *COOKIE, const char *OPENTYPE,
cookie_io_functions_t IO-FUNCTIONS)
This function actually creates the stream for communicating with
the COOKIE using the functions in the IO-FUNCTIONS argument. The
OPENTYPE argument is interpreted as for `fopen'; see *Note Opening
Streams::. (But note that the "truncate on open" option is
ignored.) The new stream is fully buffered.
The `fopencookie' function returns the newly created stream, or a
null pointer in case of an error.
File: libc.info, Node: Hook Functions, Prev: Streams and Cookies, Up: Custom Streams
12.21.3.2 Custom Stream Hook Functions
......................................
Here are more details on how you should define the four hook functions
that a custom stream needs.
You should define the function to read data from the cookie as:
ssize_t READER (void *COOKIE, char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)
This is very similar to the `read' function; see *Note I/O
Primitives::. Your function should transfer up to SIZE bytes into the
BUFFER, and return the number of bytes read, or zero to indicate
end-of-file. You can return a value of `-1' to indicate an error.
You should define the function to write data to the cookie as:
ssize_t WRITER (void *COOKIE, const char *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)
This is very similar to the `write' function; see *Note I/O
Primitives::. Your function should transfer up to SIZE bytes from the
buffer, and return the number of bytes written. You can return a value
of `-1' to indicate an error.
You should define the function to perform seek operations on the
cookie as:
int SEEKER (void *COOKIE, fpos_t *POSITION, int WHENCE)
For this function, the POSITION and WHENCE arguments are interpreted
as for `fgetpos'; see *Note Portable Positioning::. In the GNU
library, `fpos_t' is equivalent to `off_t' or `long int', and simply
represents the number of bytes from the beginning of the file.
After doing the seek operation, your function should store the
resulting file position relative to the beginning of the file in
POSITION. Your function should return a value of `0' on success and
`-1' to indicate an error.
You should define the function to do cleanup operations on the cookie
appropriate for closing the stream as:
int CLEANER (void *COOKIE)
Your function should return `-1' to indicate an error, and `0'
otherwise.
-- Data Type: cookie_read_function
This is the data type that the read function for a custom stream
should have. If you declare the function as shown above, this is
the type it will have.
-- Data Type: cookie_write_function
The data type of the write function for a custom stream.
-- Data Type: cookie_seek_function
The data type of the seek function for a custom stream.
-- Data Type: cookie_close_function
The data type of the close function for a custom stream.
File: libc.info, Node: Formatted Messages, Prev: Other Kinds of Streams, Up: I/O on Streams
12.22 Formatted Messages
========================
On systems which are based on System V messages of programs (especially
the system tools) are printed in a strict form using the `fmtmsg'
function. The uniformity sometimes helps the user to interpret messages
and the strictness tests of the `fmtmsg' function ensure that the
programmer follows some minimal requirements.
* Menu:
* Printing Formatted Messages:: The `fmtmsg' function.
* Adding Severity Classes:: Add more severity classes.
* Example:: How to use `fmtmsg' and `addseverity'.
File: libc.info, Node: Printing Formatted Messages, Next: Adding Severity Classes, Up: Formatted Messages
12.22.1 Printing Formatted Messages
-----------------------------------
Messages can be printed to standard error and/or to the console. To
select the destination the programmer can use the following two values,
bitwise OR combined if wanted, for the CLASSIFICATION parameter of
`fmtmsg':
`MM_PRINT'
Display the message in standard error.
`MM_CONSOLE'
Display the message on the system console.
The erroneous piece of the system can be signalled by exactly one of
the following values which also is bitwise ORed with the CLASSIFICATION
parameter to `fmtmsg':
`MM_HARD'
The source of the condition is some hardware.
`MM_SOFT'
The source of the condition is some software.
`MM_FIRM'
The source of the condition is some firmware.
A third component of the CLASSIFICATION parameter to `fmtmsg' can
describe the part of the system which detects the problem. This is
done by using exactly one of the following values:
`MM_APPL'
The erroneous condition is detected by the application.
`MM_UTIL'
The erroneous condition is detected by a utility.
`MM_OPSYS'
The erroneous condition is detected by the operating system.
A last component of CLASSIFICATION can signal the results of this
message. Exactly one of the following values can be used:
`MM_RECOVER'
It is a recoverable error.
`MM_NRECOV'
It is a non-recoverable error.
-- Function: int fmtmsg (long int CLASSIFICATION, const char *LABEL,
int SEVERITY, const char *TEXT, const char *ACTION, const
char *TAG)
Display a message described by its parameters on the device(s)
specified in the CLASSIFICATION parameter. The LABEL parameter
identifies the source of the message. The string should consist
of two colon separated parts where the first part has not more
than 10 and the second part not more than 14 characters. The TEXT
parameter describes the condition of the error, the ACTION
parameter possible steps to recover from the error and the TAG
parameter is a reference to the online documentation where more
information can be found. It should contain the LABEL value and a
unique identification number.
Each of the parameters can be a special value which means this
value is to be omitted. The symbolic names for these values are:
`MM_NULLLBL'
Ignore LABEL parameter.
`MM_NULLSEV'
Ignore SEVERITY parameter.
`MM_NULLMC'
Ignore CLASSIFICATION parameter. This implies that nothing is
actually printed.
`MM_NULLTXT'
Ignore TEXT parameter.
`MM_NULLACT'
Ignore ACTION parameter.
`MM_NULLTAG'
Ignore TAG parameter.
There is another way certain fields can be omitted from the output
to standard error. This is described below in the description of
environment variables influencing the behavior.
The SEVERITY parameter can have one of the values in the following
table:
`MM_NOSEV'
Nothing is printed, this value is the same as `MM_NULLSEV'.
`MM_HALT'
This value is printed as `HALT'.
`MM_ERROR'
This value is printed as `ERROR'.
`MM_WARNING'
This value is printed as `WARNING'.
`MM_INFO'
This value is printed as `INFO'.
The numeric value of these five macros are between `0' and `4'.
Using the environment variable `SEV_LEVEL' or using the
`addseverity' function one can add more severity levels with their
corresponding string to print. This is described below (*note
Adding Severity Classes::).
If no parameter is ignored the output looks like this:
LABEL: SEVERITY-STRING: TEXT
TO FIX: ACTION TAG
The colons, new line characters and the `TO FIX' string are
inserted if necessary, i.e., if the corresponding parameter is not
ignored.
This function is specified in the X/Open Portability Guide. It is
also available on all systems derived from System V.
The function returns the value `MM_OK' if no error occurred. If
only the printing to standard error failed, it returns `MM_NOMSG'.
If printing to the console fails, it returns `MM_NOCON'. If
nothing is printed `MM_NOTOK' is returned. Among situations where
all outputs fail this last value is also returned if a parameter
value is incorrect.
There are two environment variables which influence the behavior of
`fmtmsg'. The first is `MSGVERB'. It is used to control the output
actually happening on standard error (_not_ the console output). Each
of the five fields can explicitly be enabled. To do this the user has
to put the `MSGVERB' variable with a format like the following in the
environment before calling the `fmtmsg' function the first time:
MSGVERB=KEYWORD[:KEYWORD[:...]]
Valid KEYWORDs are `label', `severity', `text', `action', and `tag'.
If the environment variable is not given or is the empty string, a not
supported keyword is given or the value is somehow else invalid, no
part of the message is masked out.
The second environment variable which influences the behavior of
`fmtmsg' is `SEV_LEVEL'. This variable and the change in the behavior
of `fmtmsg' is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide. It is
available in System V systems, though. It can be used to introduce new
severity levels. By default, only the five severity levels described
above are available. Any other numeric value would make `fmtmsg' print
nothing.
If the user puts `SEV_LEVEL' with a format like
SEV_LEVEL=[DESCRIPTION[:DESCRIPTION[:...]]]
in the environment of the process before the first call to `fmtmsg',
where DESCRIPTION has a value of the form
SEVERITY-KEYWORD,LEVEL,PRINTSTRING
The SEVERITY-KEYWORD part is not used by `fmtmsg' but it has to be
present. The LEVEL part is a string representation of a number. The
numeric value must be a number greater than 4. This value must be used
in the SEVERITY parameter of `fmtmsg' to select this class. It is not
possible to overwrite any of the predefined classes. The PRINTSTRING
is the string printed when a message of this class is processed by
`fmtmsg' (see above, `fmtsmg' does not print the numeric value but
instead the string representation).
File: libc.info, Node: Adding Severity Classes, Next: Example, Prev: Printing Formatted Messages, Up: Formatted Messages
12.22.2 Adding Severity Classes
-------------------------------
There is another possibility to introduce severity classes besides using
the environment variable `SEV_LEVEL'. This simplifies the task of
introducing new classes in a running program. One could use the
`setenv' or `putenv' function to set the environment variable, but this
is toilsome.
-- Function: int addseverity (int SEVERITY, const char *STRING)
This function allows the introduction of new severity classes
which can be addressed by the SEVERITY parameter of the `fmtmsg'
function. The SEVERITY parameter of `addseverity' must match the
value for the parameter with the same name of `fmtmsg', and STRING
is the string printed in the actual messages instead of the numeric
value.
If STRING is `NULL' the severity class with the numeric value
according to SEVERITY is removed.
It is not possible to overwrite or remove one of the default
severity classes. All calls to `addseverity' with SEVERITY set to
one of the values for the default classes will fail.
The return value is `MM_OK' if the task was successfully performed.
If the return value is `MM_NOTOK' something went wrong. This could
mean that no more memory is available or a class is not available
when it has to be removed.
This function is not specified in the X/Open Portability Guide
although the `fmtsmg' function is. It is available on System V
systems.
File: libc.info, Node: Example, Prev: Adding Severity Classes, Up: Formatted Messages
12.22.3 How to use `fmtmsg' and `addseverity'
---------------------------------------------
Here is a simple example program to illustrate the use of the both
functions described in this section.
#include <fmtmsg.h>
int
main (void)
{
addseverity (5, "NOTE2");
fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "only1field", MM_INFO, "text2", "action2", "tag2");
fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "UX:cat", 5, "invalid syntax", "refer to manual",
"UX:cat:001");
fmtmsg (MM_PRINT, "label:foo", 6, "text", "action", "tag");
return 0;
}
The second call to `fmtmsg' illustrates a use of this function as it
usually occurs on System V systems, which heavily use this function.
It seems worthwhile to give a short explanation here of how this system
works on System V. The value of the LABEL field (`UX:cat') says that
the error occurred in the Unix program `cat'. The explanation of the
error follows and the value for the ACTION parameter is `"refer to
manual"'. One could be more specific here, if necessary. The TAG
field contains, as proposed above, the value of the string given for
the LABEL parameter, and additionally a unique ID (`001' in this case).
For a GNU environment this string could contain a reference to the
corresponding node in the Info page for the program.
Running this program without specifying the `MSGVERB' and `SEV_LEVEL'
function produces the following output:
UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax
TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001
We see the different fields of the message and how the extra glue
(the colons and the `TO FIX' string) are printed. But only one of the
three calls to `fmtmsg' produced output. The first call does not print
anything because the LABEL parameter is not in the correct form. The
string must contain two fields, separated by a colon (*note Printing
Formatted Messages::). The third `fmtmsg' call produced no output
since the class with the numeric value `6' is not defined. Although a
class with numeric value `5' is also not defined by default, the call
to `addseverity' introduces it and the second call to `fmtmsg' produces
the above output.
When we change the environment of the program to contain
`SEV_LEVEL=XXX,6,NOTE' when running it we get a different result:
UX:cat: NOTE2: invalid syntax
TO FIX: refer to manual UX:cat:001
label:foo: NOTE: text
TO FIX: action tag
Now the third call to `fmtmsg' produced some output and we see how
the string `NOTE' from the environment variable appears in the message.
Now we can reduce the output by specifying which fields we are
interested in. If we additionally set the environment variable
`MSGVERB' to the value `severity:label:action' we get the following
output:
UX:cat: NOTE2
TO FIX: refer to manual
label:foo: NOTE
TO FIX: action
I.e., the output produced by the TEXT and the TAG parameters to
`fmtmsg' vanished. Please also note that now there is no colon after
the `NOTE' and `NOTE2' strings in the output. This is not necessary
since there is no more output on this line because the text is missing.
File: libc.info, Node: Low-Level I/O, Next: File System Interface, Prev: I/O on Streams, Up: Top
13 Low-Level Input/Output
*************************
This chapter describes functions for performing low-level input/output
operations on file descriptors. These functions include the primitives
for the higher-level I/O functions described in *Note I/O on Streams::,
as well as functions for performing low-level control operations for
which there are no equivalents on streams.
Stream-level I/O is more flexible and usually more convenient;
therefore, programmers generally use the descriptor-level functions only
when necessary. These are some of the usual reasons:
* For reading binary files in large chunks.
* For reading an entire file into core before parsing it.
* To perform operations other than data transfer, which can only be
done with a descriptor. (You can use `fileno' to get the
descriptor corresponding to a stream.)
* To pass descriptors to a child process. (The child can create its
own stream to use a descriptor that it inherits, but cannot
inherit a stream directly.)
* Menu:
* Opening and Closing Files:: How to open and close file
descriptors.
* I/O Primitives:: Reading and writing data.
* File Position Primitive:: Setting a descriptor's file
position.
* Descriptors and Streams:: Converting descriptor to stream
or vice-versa.
* Stream/Descriptor Precautions:: Precautions needed if you use both
descriptors and streams.
* Scatter-Gather:: Fast I/O to discontinuous buffers.
* Memory-mapped I/O:: Using files like memory.
* Waiting for I/O:: How to check for input or output
on multiple file descriptors.
* Synchronizing I/O:: Making sure all I/O actions completed.
* Asynchronous I/O:: Perform I/O in parallel.
* Control Operations:: Various other operations on file
descriptors.
* Duplicating Descriptors:: Fcntl commands for duplicating
file descriptors.
* Descriptor Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating
flags associated with file
descriptors.
* File Status Flags:: Fcntl commands for manipulating
flags associated with open files.
* File Locks:: Fcntl commands for implementing
file locking.
* Interrupt Input:: Getting an asynchronous signal when
input arrives.
* IOCTLs:: Generic I/O Control operations.
File: libc.info, Node: Opening and Closing Files, Next: I/O Primitives, Up: Low-Level I/O
13.1 Opening and Closing Files
==============================
This section describes the primitives for opening and closing files
using file descriptors. The `open' and `creat' functions are declared
in the header file `fcntl.h', while `close' is declared in `unistd.h'.
-- Function: int open (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t MODE])
The `open' function creates and returns a new file descriptor for
the file named by FILENAME. Initially, the file position
indicator for the file is at the beginning of the file. The
argument MODE is used only when a file is created, but it doesn't
hurt to supply the argument in any case.
The FLAGS argument controls how the file is to be opened. This is
a bit mask; you create the value by the bitwise OR of the
appropriate parameters (using the `|' operator in C). *Note File
Status Flags::, for the parameters available.
The normal return value from `open' is a non-negative integer file
descriptor. In the case of an error, a value of -1 is returned
instead. In addition to the usual file name errors (*note File
Name Errors::), the following `errno' error conditions are defined
for this function:
`EACCES'
The file exists but is not readable/writable as requested by
the FLAGS argument, the file does not exist and the directory
is unwritable so it cannot be created.
`EEXIST'
Both `O_CREAT' and `O_EXCL' are set, and the named file
already exists.
`EINTR'
The `open' operation was interrupted by a signal. *Note
Interrupted Primitives::.
`EISDIR'
The FLAGS argument specified write access, and the file is a
directory.
`EMFILE'
The process has too many files open. The maximum number of
file descriptors is controlled by the `RLIMIT_NOFILE'
resource limit; *note Limits on Resources::.
`ENFILE'
The entire system, or perhaps the file system which contains
the directory, cannot support any additional open files at
the moment. (This problem cannot happen on the GNU system.)
`ENOENT'
The named file does not exist, and `O_CREAT' is not specified.
`ENOSPC'
The directory or file system that would contain the new file
cannot be extended, because there is no disk space left.
`ENXIO'
`O_NONBLOCK' and `O_WRONLY' are both set in the FLAGS
argument, the file named by FILENAME is a FIFO (*note Pipes
and FIFOs::), and no process has the file open for reading.
`EROFS'
The file resides on a read-only file system and any of
`O_WRONLY', `O_RDWR', and `O_TRUNC' are set in the FLAGS
argument, or `O_CREAT' is set and the file does not already
exist.
If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with
`_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the function `open' returns a file
descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file
handling functions to use files up to 2^63 bytes in size and
offset from -2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user
since all of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally
replaced.
This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
`open' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources
stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to
`open' should be protected using cancellation handlers.
The `open' function is the underlying primitive for the `fopen'
and `freopen' functions, that create streams.
-- Function: int open64 (const char *FILENAME, int FLAGS[, mode_t
MODE])
This function is similar to `open'. It returns a file descriptor
which can be used to access the file named by FILENAME. The only
difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the
large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31
bits.
When the sources are translated with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this
function is actually available under the name `open'. I.e., the
new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently
replaces the old API.
-- Obsolete function: int creat (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)
This function is obsolete. The call:
creat (FILENAME, MODE)
is equivalent to:
open (FILENAME, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC, MODE)
If on a 32 bit machine the sources are translated with
`_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the function `creat' returns a file
descriptor opened in the large file mode which enables the file
handling functions to use files up to 2^63 in size and offset from
-2^63 to 2^63. This happens transparently for the user since all
of the lowlevel file handling functions are equally replaced.
-- Obsolete function: int creat64 (const char *FILENAME, mode_t MODE)
This function is similar to `creat'. It returns a file descriptor
which can be used to access the file named by FILENAME. The only
the difference is that on 32 bit systems the file is opened in the
large file mode. I.e., file length and file offsets can exceed 31
bits.
To use this file descriptor one must not use the normal operations
but instead the counterparts named `*64', e.g., `read64'.
When the sources are translated with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this
function is actually available under the name `open'. I.e., the
new, extended API using 64 bit file sizes and offsets transparently
replaces the old API.
-- Function: int close (int FILEDES)
The function `close' closes the file descriptor FILEDES. Closing
a file has the following consequences:
* The file descriptor is deallocated.
* Any record locks owned by the process on the file are
unlocked.
* When all file descriptors associated with a pipe or FIFO have
been closed, any unread data is discarded.
This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
`close' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources
stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to
`close' should be protected using cancellation handlers.
The normal return value from `close' is 0; a value of -1 is
returned in case of failure. The following `errno' error
conditions are defined for this function:
`EBADF'
The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor.
`EINTR'
The `close' call was interrupted by a signal. *Note
Interrupted Primitives::. Here is an example of how to
handle `EINTR' properly:
TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (close (desc));
`ENOSPC'
`EIO'
`EDQUOT'
When the file is accessed by NFS, these errors from `write'
can sometimes not be detected until `close'. *Note I/O
Primitives::, for details on their meaning.
Please note that there is _no_ separate `close64' function. This
is not necessary since this function does not determine nor depend
on the mode of the file. The kernel which performs the `close'
operation knows which mode the descriptor is used for and can
handle this situation.
To close a stream, call `fclose' (*note Closing Streams::) instead
of trying to close its underlying file descriptor with `close'. This
flushes any buffered output and updates the stream object to indicate
that it is closed.
File: libc.info, Node: I/O Primitives, Next: File Position Primitive, Prev: Opening and Closing Files, Up: Low-Level I/O
13.2 Input and Output Primitives
================================
This section describes the functions for performing primitive input and
output operations on file descriptors: `read', `write', and `lseek'.
These functions are declared in the header file `unistd.h'.
-- Data Type: ssize_t
This data type is used to represent the sizes of blocks that can be
read or written in a single operation. It is similar to `size_t',
but must be a signed type.
-- Function: ssize_t read (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE)
The `read' function reads up to SIZE bytes from the file with
descriptor FILEDES, storing the results in the BUFFER. (This is
not necessarily a character string, and no terminating null
character is added.)
The return value is the number of bytes actually read. This might
be less than SIZE; for example, if there aren't that many bytes
left in the file or if there aren't that many bytes immediately
available. The exact behavior depends on what kind of file it is.
Note that reading less than SIZE bytes is not an error.
A value of zero indicates end-of-file (except if the value of the
SIZE argument is also zero). This is not considered an error. If
you keep calling `read' while at end-of-file, it will keep
returning zero and doing nothing else.
If `read' returns at least one character, there is no way you can
tell whether end-of-file was reached. But if you did reach the
end, the next read will return zero.
In case of an error, `read' returns -1. The following `errno'
error conditions are defined for this function:
`EAGAIN'
Normally, when no input is immediately available, `read'
waits for some input. But if the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is set
for the file (*note File Status Flags::), `read' returns
immediately without reading any data, and reports this error.
*Compatibility Note:* Most versions of BSD Unix use a
different error code for this: `EWOULDBLOCK'. In the GNU
library, `EWOULDBLOCK' is an alias for `EAGAIN', so it
doesn't matter which name you use.
On some systems, reading a large amount of data from a
character special file can also fail with `EAGAIN' if the
kernel cannot find enough physical memory to lock down the
user's pages. This is limited to devices that transfer with
direct memory access into the user's memory, which means it
does not include terminals, since they always use separate
buffers inside the kernel. This problem never happens in the
GNU system.
Any condition that could result in `EAGAIN' can instead
result in a successful `read' which returns fewer bytes than
requested. Calling `read' again immediately would result in
`EAGAIN'.
`EBADF'
The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor, or is
not open for reading.
`EINTR'
`read' was interrupted by a signal while it was waiting for
input. *Note Interrupted Primitives::. A signal will not
necessary cause `read' to return `EINTR'; it may instead
result in a successful `read' which returns fewer bytes than
requested.
`EIO'
For many devices, and for disk files, this error code
indicates a hardware error.
`EIO' also occurs when a background process tries to read
from the controlling terminal, and the normal action of
stopping the process by sending it a `SIGTTIN' signal isn't
working. This might happen if the signal is being blocked or
ignored, or because the process group is orphaned. *Note Job
Control::, for more information about job control, and *Note
Signal Handling::, for information about signals.
Please note that there is no function named `read64'. This is not
necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle
the possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state
internally, the `read' function can be used for all cases.
This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
`read' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources
stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to
`read' should be protected using cancellation handlers.
The `read' function is the underlying primitive for all of the
functions that read from streams, such as `fgetc'.
-- Function: ssize_t pread (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE,
off_t OFFSET)
The `pread' function is similar to the `read' function. The first
three arguments are identical, and the return values and error
codes also correspond.
The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data
block is not read from the current position of the file descriptor
`filedes'. Instead the data is read from the file starting at
position OFFSET. The position of the file descriptor itself is
not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before
the call.
When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the
`pread' function is in fact `pread64' and the type `off_t' has 64
bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes in
length.
The return value of `pread' describes the number of bytes read.
In the error case it returns -1 like `read' does and the error
codes are also the same, with these additions:
`EINVAL'
The value given for OFFSET is negative and therefore illegal.
`ESPIPE'
The file descriptor FILEDES is associate with a pipe or a
FIFO and this device does not allow positioning of the file
pointer.
The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single
Specification version 2.
-- Function: ssize_t pread64 (int FILEDES, void *BUFFER, size_t SIZE,
off64_t OFFSET)
This function is similar to the `pread' function. The difference
is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of
`off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address
files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file
descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise
the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with
a descriptor in small file mode.
When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on
a 32 bit machine this function is actually available under the name
`pread' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface.
-- Function: ssize_t write (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t
SIZE)
The `write' function writes up to SIZE bytes from BUFFER to the
file with descriptor FILEDES. The data in BUFFER is not
necessarily a character string and a null character is output like
any other character.
The return value is the number of bytes actually written. This
may be SIZE, but can always be smaller. Your program should
always call `write' in a loop, iterating until all the data is
written.
Once `write' returns, the data is enqueued to be written and can be
read back right away, but it is not necessarily written out to
permanent storage immediately. You can use `fsync' when you need
to be sure your data has been permanently stored before
continuing. (It is more efficient for the system to batch up
consecutive writes and do them all at once when convenient.
Normally they will always be written to disk within a minute or
less.) Modern systems provide another function `fdatasync' which
guarantees integrity only for the file data and is therefore
faster. You can use the `O_FSYNC' open mode to make `write' always
store the data to disk before returning; *note Operating Modes::.
In the case of an error, `write' returns -1. The following
`errno' error conditions are defined for this function:
`EAGAIN'
Normally, `write' blocks until the write operation is
complete. But if the `O_NONBLOCK' flag is set for the file
(*note Control Operations::), it returns immediately without
writing any data and reports this error. An example of a
situation that might cause the process to block on output is
writing to a terminal device that supports flow control,
where output has been suspended by receipt of a STOP
character.
*Compatibility Note:* Most versions of BSD Unix use a
different error code for this: `EWOULDBLOCK'. In the GNU
library, `EWOULDBLOCK' is an alias for `EAGAIN', so it
doesn't matter which name you use.
On some systems, writing a large amount of data from a
character special file can also fail with `EAGAIN' if the
kernel cannot find enough physical memory to lock down the
user's pages. This is limited to devices that transfer with
direct memory access into the user's memory, which means it
does not include terminals, since they always use separate
buffers inside the kernel. This problem does not arise in the
GNU system.
`EBADF'
The FILEDES argument is not a valid file descriptor, or is
not open for writing.
`EFBIG'
The size of the file would become larger than the
implementation can support.
`EINTR'
The `write' operation was interrupted by a signal while it was
blocked waiting for completion. A signal will not
necessarily cause `write' to return `EINTR'; it may instead
result in a successful `write' which writes fewer bytes than
requested. *Note Interrupted Primitives::.
`EIO'
For many devices, and for disk files, this error code
indicates a hardware error.
`ENOSPC'
The device containing the file is full.
`EPIPE'
This error is returned when you try to write to a pipe or
FIFO that isn't open for reading by any process. When this
happens, a `SIGPIPE' signal is also sent to the process; see
*Note Signal Handling::.
Unless you have arranged to prevent `EINTR' failures, you should
check `errno' after each failing call to `write', and if the error
was `EINTR', you should simply repeat the call. *Note Interrupted
Primitives::. The easy way to do this is with the macro
`TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY', as follows:
nbytes = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY (write (desc, buffer, count));
Please note that there is no function named `write64'. This is not
necessary since this function does not directly modify or handle
the possibly wide file offset. Since the kernel handles this state
internally the `write' function can be used for all cases.
This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
`write' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources
stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this, calls to
`write' should be protected using cancellation handlers.
The `write' function is the underlying primitive for all of the
functions that write to streams, such as `fputc'.
-- Function: ssize_t pwrite (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t
SIZE, off_t OFFSET)
The `pwrite' function is similar to the `write' function. The
first three arguments are identical, and the return values and
error codes also correspond.
The difference is the fourth argument and its handling. The data
block is not written to the current position of the file descriptor
`filedes'. Instead the data is written to the file starting at
position OFFSET. The position of the file descriptor itself is
not affected by the operation. The value is the same as before
the call.
When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the
`pwrite' function is in fact `pwrite64' and the type `off_t' has
64 bits, which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes
in length.
The return value of `pwrite' describes the number of written bytes.
In the error case it returns -1 like `write' does and the error
codes are also the same, with these additions:
`EINVAL'
The value given for OFFSET is negative and therefore illegal.
`ESPIPE'
The file descriptor FILEDES is associated with a pipe or a
FIFO and this device does not allow positioning of the file
pointer.
The function is an extension defined in the Unix Single
Specification version 2.
-- Function: ssize_t pwrite64 (int FILEDES, const void *BUFFER, size_t
SIZE, off64_t OFFSET)
This function is similar to the `pwrite' function. The difference
is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of
`off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address
files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file
descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise
the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with
a descriptor in small file mode.
When the source file is compiled using `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64'
on a 32 bit machine this function is actually available under the
name `pwrite' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface.
File: libc.info, Node: File Position Primitive, Next: Descriptors and Streams, Prev: I/O Primitives, Up: Low-Level I/O
13.3 Setting the File Position of a Descriptor
==============================================
Just as you can set the file position of a stream with `fseek', you can
set the file position of a descriptor with `lseek'. This specifies the
position in the file for the next `read' or `write' operation. *Note
File Positioning::, for more information on the file position and what
it means.
To read the current file position value from a descriptor, use
`lseek (DESC, 0, SEEK_CUR)'.
-- Function: off_t lseek (int FILEDES, off_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)
The `lseek' function is used to change the file position of the
file with descriptor FILEDES.
The WHENCE argument specifies how the OFFSET should be
interpreted, in the same way as for the `fseek' function, and it
must be one of the symbolic constants `SEEK_SET', `SEEK_CUR', or
`SEEK_END'.
`SEEK_SET'
Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the
beginning of the file.
`SEEK_CUR'
Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the
current file position. This count may be positive or
negative.
`SEEK_END'
Specifies that WHENCE is a count of characters from the end of
the file. A negative count specifies a position within the
current extent of the file; a positive count specifies a
position past the current end. If you set the position past
the current end, and actually write data, you will extend the
file with zeros up to that position.
The return value from `lseek' is normally the resulting file
position, measured in bytes from the beginning of the file. You
can use this feature together with `SEEK_CUR' to read the current
file position.
If you want to append to the file, setting the file position to the
current end of file with `SEEK_END' is not sufficient. Another
process may write more data after you seek but before you write,
extending the file so the position you write onto clobbers their
data. Instead, use the `O_APPEND' operating mode; *note Operating
Modes::.
You can set the file position past the current end of the file.
This does not by itself make the file longer; `lseek' never
changes the file. But subsequent output at that position will
extend the file. Characters between the previous end of file and
the new position are filled with zeros. Extending the file in
this way can create a "hole": the blocks of zeros are not actually
allocated on disk, so the file takes up less space than it appears
to; it is then called a "sparse file".
If the file position cannot be changed, or the operation is in
some way invalid, `lseek' returns a value of -1. The following
`errno' error conditions are defined for this function:
`EBADF'
The FILEDES is not a valid file descriptor.
`EINVAL'
The WHENCE argument value is not valid, or the resulting file
offset is not valid. A file offset is invalid.
`ESPIPE'
The FILEDES corresponds to an object that cannot be
positioned, such as a pipe, FIFO or terminal device.
(POSIX.1 specifies this error only for pipes and FIFOs, but
in the GNU system, you always get `ESPIPE' if the object is
not seekable.)
When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' the
`lseek' function is in fact `lseek64' and the type `off_t' has 64
bits which makes it possible to handle files up to 2^63 bytes in
length.
This function is a cancellation point in multi-threaded programs.
This is a problem if the thread allocates some resources (like
memory, file descriptors, semaphores or whatever) at the time
`lseek' is called. If the thread gets canceled these resources
stay allocated until the program ends. To avoid this calls to
`lseek' should be protected using cancellation handlers.
The `lseek' function is the underlying primitive for the `fseek',
`fseeko', `ftell', `ftello' and `rewind' functions, which operate
on streams instead of file descriptors.
-- Function: off64_t lseek64 (int FILEDES, off64_t OFFSET, int WHENCE)
This function is similar to the `lseek' function. The difference
is that the OFFSET parameter is of type `off64_t' instead of
`off_t' which makes it possible on 32 bit machines to address
files larger than 2^31 bytes and up to 2^63 bytes. The file
descriptor `filedes' must be opened using `open64' since otherwise
the large offsets possible with `off64_t' will lead to errors with
a descriptor in small file mode.
When the source file is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' on
a 32 bits machine this function is actually available under the
name `lseek' and so transparently replaces the 32 bit interface.
You can have multiple descriptors for the same file if you open the
file more than once, or if you duplicate a descriptor with `dup'.
Descriptors that come from separate calls to `open' have independent
file positions; using `lseek' on one descriptor has no effect on the
other. For example,
{
int d1, d2;
char buf[4];
d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
d2 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
lseek (d1, 1024, SEEK_SET);
read (d2, buf, 4);
}
will read the first four characters of the file `foo'. (The
error-checking code necessary for a real program has been omitted here
for brevity.)
By contrast, descriptors made by duplication share a common file
position with the original descriptor that was duplicated. Anything
which alters the file position of one of the duplicates, including
reading or writing data, affects all of them alike. Thus, for example,
{
int d1, d2, d3;
char buf1[4], buf2[4];
d1 = open ("foo", O_RDONLY);
d2 = dup (d1);
d3 = dup (d2);
lseek (d3, 1024, SEEK_SET);
read (d1, buf1, 4);
read (d2, buf2, 4);
}
will read four characters starting with the 1024'th character of `foo',
and then four more characters starting with the 1028'th character.
-- Data Type: off_t
This is an arithmetic data type used to represent file sizes. In
the GNU system, this is equivalent to `fpos_t' or `long int'.
If the source is compiled with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type
is transparently replaced by `off64_t'.
-- Data Type: off64_t
This type is used similar to `off_t'. The difference is that even
on 32 bit machines, where the `off_t' type would have 32 bits,
`off64_t' has 64 bits and so is able to address files up to 2^63
bytes in length.
When compiling with `_FILE_OFFSET_BITS == 64' this type is
available under the name `off_t'.
These aliases for the `SEEK_...' constants exist for the sake of
compatibility with older BSD systems. They are defined in two
different header files: `fcntl.h' and `sys/file.h'.
`L_SET'
An alias for `SEEK_SET'.
`L_INCR'
An alias for `SEEK_CUR'.
`L_XTND'
An alias for `SEEK_END'.
File: libc.info, Node: Descriptors and Streams, Next: Stream/Descriptor Precautions, Prev: File Position Primitive, Up: Low-Level I/O
13.4 Descriptors and Streams
============================
Given an open file descriptor, you can create a stream for it with the
`fdopen' function. You can get the underlying file descriptor for an
existing stream with the `fileno' function. These functions are
declared in the header file `stdio.h'.
-- Function: FILE * fdopen (int FILEDES, const char *OPENTYPE)
The `fdopen' function returns a new stream for the file descriptor
FILEDES.
The OPENTYPE argument is interpreted in the same way as for the
`fopen' function (*note Opening Streams::), except that the `b'
option is not permitted; this is because GNU makes no distinction
between text and binary files. Also, `"w"' and `"w+"' do not
cause truncation of the file; these have an effect only when
opening a file, and in this case the file has already been opened.
You must make sure that the OPENTYPE argument matches the actual
mode of the open file descriptor.
The return value is the new stream. If the stream cannot be
created (for example, if the modes for the file indicated by the
file descriptor do not permit the access specified by the OPENTYPE
argument), a null pointer is returned instead.
In some other systems, `fdopen' may fail to detect that the modes
for file descriptor do not permit the access specified by
`opentype'. The GNU C library always checks for this.
For an example showing the use of the `fdopen' function, see *Note
Creating a Pipe::.
-- Function: int fileno (FILE *STREAM)
This function returns the file descriptor associated with the
stream STREAM. If an error is detected (for example, if the STREAM
is not valid) or if STREAM does not do I/O to a file, `fileno'
returns -1.
-- Function: int fileno_unlocked (FILE *STREAM)
The `fileno_unlocked' function is equivalent to the `fileno'
function except that it does not implicitly lock the stream if the
state is `FSETLOCKING_INTERNAL'.
This function is a GNU extension.
There are also symbolic constants defined in `unistd.h' for the file
descriptors belonging to the standard streams `stdin', `stdout', and
`stderr'; see *Note Standard Streams::.
`STDIN_FILENO'
This macro has value `0', which is the file descriptor for
standard input.
`STDOUT_FILENO'
This macro has value `1', which is the file descriptor for
standard output.
`STDERR_FILENO'
This macro has value `2', which is the file descriptor for
standard error output.
File: libc.info, Node: Stream/Descriptor Precautions, Next: Scatter-Gather, Prev: Descriptors and Streams, Up: Low-Level I/O
13.5 Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors
==============================================
You can have multiple file descriptors and streams (let's call both
streams and descriptors "channels" for short) connected to the same
file, but you must take care to avoid confusion between channels. There
are two cases to consider: "linked" channels that share a single file
position value, and "independent" channels that have their own file
positions.
It's best to use just one channel in your program for actual data
transfer to any given file, except when all the access is for input.
For example, if you open a pipe (something you can only do at the file
descriptor level), either do all I/O with the descriptor, or construct a
stream from the descriptor with `fdopen' and then do all I/O with the
stream.
* Menu:
* Linked Channels:: Dealing with channels sharing a file position.
* Independent Channels:: Dealing with separately opened, unlinked channels.
* Cleaning Streams:: Cleaning a stream makes it safe to use
another channel.
File: libc.info, Node: Linked Channels, Next: Independent Channels, Up: Stream/Descriptor Precautions
13.5.1 Linked Channels
----------------------
Channels that come from a single opening share the same file position;
we call them "linked" channels. Linked channels result when you make a
stream from a descriptor using `fdopen', when you get a descriptor from
a stream with `fileno', when you copy a descriptor with `dup' or
`dup2', and when descriptors are inherited during `fork'. For files
that don't support random access, such as terminals and pipes, _all_
channels are effectively linked. On random-access files, all
append-type output streams are effectively linked to each other.
If you have been using a stream for I/O (or have just opened the
stream), and you want to do I/O using anot