This is automake.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.7 from
automake.texi.
This manual is for GNU Automake (version 1.9.5, 12 February 2005), a
program which creates GNU standards-compliant Makefiles from template
files.
Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts
being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
"GNU Free Documentation License."
(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by
the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* automake: (automake). Making Makefile.in's.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* aclocal: (automake)Invoking aclocal. Generating aclocal.m4.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: automake.info, Node: Timeline, Next: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Up: History
27.1 Timeline
=============
1994-09-19 First CVS commit.
If we can trust the CVS repository, David J. MacKenzie (djm)
started working on Automake (or AutoMake, as it was spelt then)
this Monday.
The first version of the `automake' script looks as follows.
#!/bin/sh
status=0
for makefile
do
if test ! -f ${makefile}.am; then
echo "automake: ${makefile}.am: No such honkin' file"
status=1
continue
fi
exec 4> ${makefile}.in
done
From this you can already see that Automake will be about reading
`*.am' file and producing `*.in' files. You cannot see anything
else, but if you also know that David is the one who created
Autoconf two years before you can guess the rest.
Several commits follow, and by the end of the day Automake is
reported to work for GNU fileutils and GNU m4.
The modus operandi is the one that is still used today: variables
assignments in `Makefile.am' files trigger injections of precanned
`Makefile' fragments into the generated `Makefile.in'. The use of
`Makefile' fragments was inspired by the 4.4BSD `make' and include
files, however Automake aims to be portable and to conform to the
GNU standards for `Makefile' variables and targets.
At this point, the most recent release of Autoconf is version 1.11,
and David is preparing to release Autoconf 2.0 in late October.
As a matter of fact, he will barely touch Automake after September.
1994-11-05 David MacKenzie's last commit.
At this point Automake is a 200 line portable shell script, plus
332 lines of `Makefile' fragments. In the `README', David states
his ambivalence between "portable shell" and "more appropriate
language":
I wrote it keeping in mind the possibility of it becoming an
Autoconf macro, so it would run at configure-time. That
would slow configuration down a bit, but allow users to
modify the Makefile.am without needing to fetch the AutoMake
package. And, the Makefile.in files wouldn't need to be
distributed. But all of AutoMake would. So I might
reimplement AutoMake in Perl, m4, or some other more
appropriate language.
Automake is described as "an experimental Makefile generator".
There is no documentation. Adventurous users are referred to the
examples and patches needed to use Automake with GNU m4 1.3,
fileutils 3.9, time 1.6, and development versions of find and
indent.
These examples seem to have been lost. However at the time of
writing (10 years later in September, 2004) the FSF still
distributes a package that uses this version of Automake: check
out GNU termutils 2.0.
1995-11-12 Tom Tromey's first commit.
After one year of inactivity, Tom Tromey takes over the package.
Tom was working on GNU cpio back then, and doing this just for fun,
having trouble finding a project to contribute to. So while
hacking he wanted to bring the `Makefile.in' up to GNU standards.
This was hard, and one day he saw Automake on
`ftp://alpha.gnu.org/', grabbed it and tried it out.
Tom didn't talk to djm about it until later, just to make sure he
didn't mind if he made a release. He did a bunch of early
releases to the Gnits folks.
Gnits was (and still is) totally informal, just a few GNU friends
who Franc,ois Pinard knew, who were all interested in making a
common infrastructure for GNU projects, and shared a similar
outlook on how to do it. So they were able to make some progress.
It came along with Autoconf and extensions thereof, and then
Automake from David and Tom (who were both gnitsians). One of
their ideas was to write a document paralleling the GNU standards,
that was more strict in some ways and more detailed. They never
finished the GNITS standards, but the ideas mostly made their way
into Automake.
1995-11-23 Automake 0.20
Besides introducing automatic dependency tracking (*note
Dependency Tracking Evolution::), this version also supplies a
9-page manual.
At this time `aclocal' and `AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' did not exist, so
many things had to be done by hand. For instance here is what a
configure.in (this is the former name of the `configure.ac' we use
today) must contain in order to use Automake 0.20:
PACKAGE=cpio
VERSION=2.3.911
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(PACKAGE, "$PACKAGE")
AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(VERSION, "$VERSION")
AC_SUBST(PACKAGE)
AC_SUBST(VERSION)
AC_ARG_PROGRAM
AC_PROG_INSTALL
(Today all of the above is achieved by `AC_INIT' and
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE'.)
Here is how programs are specified in `Makefile.am':
PROGRAMS = hello
hello_SOURCES = hello.c
This looks pretty much like what we do today, except the
`PROGRAMS' variable has no directory prefix specifying where
`hello' should be installed: all programs are installed in
`$(bindir)'. `LIBPROGRAMS' can be used to specify programs that
must be built but not installed (it is called `noinst_PROGRAMS'
nowadays).
Programs can be built conditionally using `AC_SUBST'itutions:
PROGRAMS = @progs@
AM_PROGRAMS = foo bar baz
(`AM_PROGRAMS' has since then been renamed to `EXTRA_PROGRAMS'.)
Similarly scripts, static libraries, and data can built and
installed using the `LIBRARIES', `SCRIPTS', and `DATA' variables.
However `LIBRARIES' were treated a bit specially in that Automake
did automatically supply the `lib' and `.a' prefixes. Therefore
to build `libcpio.a', one had to write
LIBRARIES = cpio
cpio_SOURCES = ...
Extra files to distribute must be listed in `DIST_OTHER' (the
ancestor of `EXTRA_DIST'). Also extra directories that are to be
distributed should appear in `DIST_SUBDIRS', but the manual
describes this as a temporary ugly hack (today extra directories
should also be listed in `EXTRA_DIST', and `DIST_SUBDIRS' is used
for another purpose, *note Conditional Subdirectories::).
1995-11-26 Automake 0.21
In less time that it takes to cook a frozen pizza, Tom rewrites
Automake using Perl. At this time Perl 5 is only one year old, and
Perl 4.036 is in use at many sites. Supporting several Perl
versions has been a source of problems through the whole history
of Automake.
If you never used Perl 4, imagine Perl 5 without objects, without
`my' variables (only dynamically scoped `local' variables),
without function prototypes, with function calls that needs to be
prefixed with `&', etc. Traces of this old style can still be
found in today's `automake'.
1995-11-28 Automake 0.22
1995-11-29 Automake 0.23
Bug fixes.
1995-12-08 Automake 0.24
1995-12-10 Automake 0.25
Releases are raining. 0.24 introduces the uniform naming scheme we
use today, i.e., `bin_PROGRAMS' instead of `PROGRAMS',
`noinst_LIBRARIES' instead of `LIBLIBRARIES', etc. (However
`EXTRA_PROGRAMS' does not exist yet, `AM_PROGRAMS' is still in
use; and `TEXINFOS' and `MANS' still have no directory prefixes.)
Adding support for prefixes like that was one of the major ideas
in automake; it has lasted pretty well.
AutoMake is renamed to Automake (Tom seems to recall it was
Franc,ois Pinard's doing).
0.25 fixes a Perl 4 portability bug.
1995-12-18 Jim Meyering starts using Automake in GNU Textutils.
1995-12-31 Franc,ois Pinard starts using Automake in GNU tar.
1996-01-03 Automake 0.26
1996-01-03 Automake 0.27
Of the many change and suggestions sent by Franc,ois Pinard and
included in 0.26, the most important is perhaps the advise that to
ease customization a user rule or variable definition should always
override an Automake rule or definition.
Gordon Matzigkeit and Jim Meyering are two other early contributors
that have been sending fixes.
0.27 fixes yet another Perl 4 portability bug.
1996-01-13 Automake 0.28
Automake starts scanning `configure.in' for `LIBOBJS' support.
This is an important step because until this version Automake did
only know about the `Makefile.am's it processed. `configure.in'
was Autoconf's world and the link between Autoconf and Automake
had to be done by the `Makefile.am' author. For instance if
`config.h' was generated by `configure', it was the package
maintainer's responsibility to define the `CONFIG_HEADER' variable
in each `Makefile.am'.
Succeeding releases will rely more and more on scanning
`configure.in' to better automate the Autoconf integration.
0.28 also introduces the `AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS' variable and the
`--gnu' and `--gnits' options, the latter being stricter.
1996-02-07 Automake 0.29
Thanks to `configure.in' scanning, `CONFIG_HEADER' is gone, and
rebuild rules for `configure'-generated file are automatically
output.
`TEXINFOS' and `MANS' converted to the uniform naming scheme.
1996-02-24 Automake 0.30
The test suite is born. It contains 9 tests. From now on test
cases will be added pretty regularly (*note Releases::), and this
proved to be really helpful later on.
`EXTRA_PROGRAMS' finally replaces `AM_PROGRAMS'.
All the third-party Autoconf macros, written mostly by Franc,ois
Pinard (and later Jim Meyering), are distributed in Automake's
hand-written `aclocal.m4' file. Package maintainers are expected
to extract the necessary macros from this file. (In previous
version you had to copy and paste them from the manual...)
1996-03-11 Automake 0.31
The test suite in 0.30 was run via a long `check-local' rule. Upon
Ulrich Drepper's suggestion, 0.31 makes it an Automake rule output
whenever the `TESTS' variable is defined.
`DIST_OTHER' is renamed to `EXTRA_DIST', and the `check_' prefix
is introduced. The syntax is now the same as today.
1996-03-15 Gordon Matzigkeit starts writing libtool.
1996-04-27 Automake 0.32
`-hook' targets are introduced; an idea from Dieter Baron.
`*.info' files, which were output in the build directory are now
built in the source directory, because they are distributed. It
seems these files like to move back and forth as that will happen
again in future versions.
1996-05-18 Automake 0.33
Gord Matzigkeit's main two contributions:
* very preliminary libtool support
* the distcheck rule
Although they were very basic at this point, these are probably
among the top features for Automake today.
Jim Meyering also provides the infamous `jm_MAINTAINER_MODE',
since then renamed to `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' and abandoned by its
author (*note maintainer-mode::).
1996-05-28 Automake 1.0
After only six months of heavy development, the automake script is
3134 lines long, plus 973 lines of `Makefile' fragments. The
package has 30 pages of documentation, and 38 test cases.
`aclocal.m4' contains 4 macros.
From now on and until version 1.4, new releases will occur at a
rate of about one a year. 1.1 did not exist, actually 1.1b to
1.1p have been the name of beta releases for 1.2. This is the
first time Automake uses suffix letters to designate beta
releases, an habit that lasts.
1996-10-10 Kevin Dalley packages Automake 1.0 for Debian GNU/Linux.
1996-11-26 David J. MacKenzie releases Autoconf 2.12.
Between June and October, the Autoconf development is almost
staled. Roland McGrath has been working at the beginning of the
year. David comes back in November to release 2.12, but he won't
touch Autoconf anymore after this year, and Autoconf then really
stagnates. The desolate Autoconf `ChangeLog' for 1997 lists only
7 commits.
1997-02-28 <automake@gnu.ai.mit.edu> list alive
The mailing list is announced as follows:
I've created the "automake" mailing list. It is
"automake@gnu.ai.mit.edu". Administrivia, as always, to
automake-request@gnu.ai.mit.edu.
The charter of this list is discussion of automake, autoconf, and
other configuration/portability tools (eg libtool). It is expected
that discussion will range from pleas for help all the way up to
patches.
This list is archived on the FSF machines. Offhand I don't know if
you can get the archive without an account there.
This list is open to anybody who wants to join. Tell all your
friends!
-- Tom Tromey
Before that people were discussing Automake privately, on the Gnits
mailing list (which is not public either), and less frequently on
`gnu.misc.discuss'.
`gnu.ai.mit.edu' is now `gnu.org', in case you never noticed. The
archives of the early years of the `automake@gnu.org' list have
been lost, so today it is almost impossible to find traces of
discussions that occurred before 1999. This has been annoying
more than once, as such discussions can be useful to understand
the rationale behind a piece of uncommented code that was
introduced back then.
1997-06-22 Automake 1.2
Automake developments continues, and more and more new Autoconf
macros are required. Distributing them in `aclocal.m4' and
requiring people to browse this file to extract the relevant
macros becomes uncomfortable. Ideally, some of them should be
contributed to Autoconf so that they can be used directly, however
Autoconf is currently inactive. Automake 1.2 consequently
introduces `aclocal' (`aclocal' was actually started on
1996-07-28), a tool that automatically constructs an `aclocal.m4'
file from a repository of third-party macros. Because Autoconf has
stalled, Automake also becomes a kind of repository for such
third-party macros, even macros completely unrelated to Automake
(for instance macros that fixes broken Autoconf macros).
The 1.2 release contains 20 macros, among which the
`AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE' macro that simplifies the creation of
`configure.in'.
Libtool is fully supported using `*_LTLIBRARIES'.
The missing script is introduced by Franc,ois Pinard; it is meant
to be a better solution than `AM_MAINTAINER_MODE' (*note
maintainer-mode::).
Conditionals support was implemented by Ian Lance Taylor. At the
time, Tom and Ian were working on an internal project at Cygnus.
They were using ILU, which is pretty similar to CORBA. They
wanted to integrate ILU into their build, which was all
`configure'-based, and Ian thought that adding conditionals to
`automake' was simpler than doing all the work in `configure'
(which was the standard at the time). So this was actually funded
by Cygnus.
This very useful but tricky feature will take a lot of time to
stabilize. (At the time this text is written, there are still
primaries that have not been updated to support conditional
definitions in Automake 1.9.)
The `automake' script has almost doubled: 6089 lines of Perl, plus
1294 lines of `Makefile' fragments.
1997-07-08 Gordon Matzigkeit releases Libtool 1.0.
1998-04-05 Automake 1.3
This is a small advance compared to 1.2. It add support for
assembly, and preliminary support for Java.
Perl 5.004_04 is out, but fixes to support Perl 4 are still
regularly submitted whenever Automake breaks it.
1998-09-06 `sourceware.cygnus.com' is on-line.
Sourceware was setup by Jason Molenda to host open source projects.
1998-09-19 Automake CVS repository moved to `sourceware.cygnus.com'
1998-10-26 `sourceware.cygnus.com' announces it hosts Automake
Automake is now hosted on `sourceware.cygnus.com'. It has a
publicly accessible CVS repository. This CVS repository is a copy
of the one Tom was using on his machine, which in turn is based on
a copy of the CVS repository of David MacKenzie. This is why we
still have to full source history. (Automake is still on
Sourceware today, but the host has been renamed to
`sources.redhat.com'.)
The oldest file in the administrative directory of the CVS
repository that was created on Sourceware is dated 1998-09-19,
while the announcement that `automake' and `autoconf' had joined
`sourceware' was made on 1998-10-26. They were among the first
projects to be hosted there.
The heedful reader will have noticed Automake was exactly
4-year-old on 1998-09-19.
1999-01-05 Ben Elliston releases Autoconf 2.13.
1999-01-14 Automake 1.4
This release adds support for Fortran 77 and for the `include'
statement. Also, `+=' assignments are introduced, but it is still
quite easy to fool Automake when mixing this with conditionals.
These two releases, Automake 1.4 and Autoconf 2.13 makes a duo that
will be used together for years.
`automake' is 7228 lines, plus 1591 lines of Makefile fragment, 20
macros (some 1.3 macros were finally contributed back to
Autoconf), 197 test cases, and 51 pages of documentation.
1999-03-27 The `user-dep-branch' is created on the CVS repository.
This implements a new dependency tracking schemed that should be
able to handle automatic dependency tracking using any compiler
(not just gcc) and any make (not just GNU `make'). In addition,
the new scheme should be more reliable than the old one, as
dependencies are generated on the end user's machine. Alexandre
Oliva creates depcomp for this purpose.
*Note Dependency Tracking Evolution::, for more details about the
evolution of automatic dependency tracking in Automake.
1999-11-21 The `user-dep-branch' is merged into the main trunk.
This was a huge problem since we also had patches going in on the
trunk. The merge took a long time and was very painful.
2000-05-10
Since September 1999 and until 2003, Akim Demaille will be
zealously revamping Autoconf.
I think the next release should be called "3.0".
Let's face it: you've basically rewritten autoconf.
Every weekend there are 30 new patches.
I don't see how we could call this "2.15" with a straight
face.
- Tom Tromey on <autoconf@gnu.org>
Actually Akim works like a submarine: he will pile up patches
while he works off-line during the weekend, and flush them in
batch when he resurfaces on Monday.
2001-01-24
On this Wednesday, Autoconf 2.49c, the last beta before Autoconf
2.50 is out, and Akim has to find something to do during his
week-end :)
2001-01-28
Akim sends a batch of 14 patches to <automake@gnu.org>.
Aiieeee! I was dreading the day that the Demaillator turned
his sights on automake... and now it has arrived! - Tom Tromey
It's only the beginning: in two months he will send 192 patches.
Then he would slow down so Tom can catch up and review all this.
Initially Tom actually read all these patches, then he probably
trustingly answered OK to most of them, and finally gave up and
let Akim apply whatever he wanted. There was no way to keep up
with that patch rate.
Anyway the patch below won't apply since it predates Akim's
sourcequake; I have yet to figure where the relevant passage
has been moved :) - Alexandre Duret-Lutz
All these patches were sent to and discussed on
<automake@gnu.org>, so subscribed users were literally drown in
technical mails. Eventually, the <automake-patches@gnu.org>
mailing list was created in May.
Year after year, Automake had drifted away from its initial design:
construct `Makefile.in' by assembling various `Makefile'
fragments. In 1.4, lots of `Makefile' rules are being emitted at
various places in the `automake' script itself; this does not help
ensuring a consistent treatment of these rules (for instance
making sure that user-defined rules override Automake's own rules).
One of Akim's goal was moving all these hard-coded rules to
separate `Makefile' fragments, so the logic could be centralized
in a `Makefile' fragment processor.
Another significant contribution of Akim is the interface with the
"trace" feature of Autoconf. The way to scan `configure.in' at
this time was to read the file and grep the various macro of
interest to Automake. Doing so could break in many unexpected
ways; automake could miss some definition (for instance
`AC_SUBST([$1], [$2])' where the arguments are known only when M4
is run), or conversely it could detect some macro that was not
expanded (because it is called conditionally). In the CVS version
of Autoconf, Akim had implemented the `--trace' option, which
provides accurate information about where macros are actually
called and with what arguments. Akim will equip Automake with a
second `configure.in' scanner that uses this `--trace' interface.
Since it was not sensible to drop the Autoconf 2.13 compatibility
yet, this experimental scanner was only used when an environment
variable was set, the traditional grep-scanner being still the
default.
2001-04-25 Gary V. Vaughan releases Libtool 1.4
It has been more than two years since Automake 1.4, CVS Automake
has suffered lot's of heavy changes and still is not ready for
release. Libtool 1.4 had to be distributed with a patch against
Automake 1.4.
2001-05-08 Automake 1.4-p1
2001-05-24 Automake 1.4-p2
Gary V. Vaughan, the principal Libtool maintainer, makes a "patch
release" of Automake:
The main purpose of this release is to have a stable automake
which is compatible with the latest stable libtool.
The release also contains obvious fixes for bugs in Automake 1.4,
some of which were reported almost monthly.
2001-05-21 Akim Demaille releases Autoconf 2.50
2001-06-07 Automake 1.4-p3
2001-06-10 Automake 1.4-p4
2001-07-15 Automake 1.4-p5
Gary continues his patch-release series. These also add support
for some new Autoconf 2.50 idioms. Essentially, Autoconf now
advocates `configure.ac' over `configure.in', and it introduces a
new syntax for `AC_OUTPUT'ing files.
2001-08-23 Automake 1.5
A major and long-awaited release, that comes more than two years
after 1.4. It brings many changes, among which:
* The new dependency tracking scheme that uses `depcomp'.
Aside from the improvement on the dependency tracking itself
(*note Dependency Tracking Evolution::), this also
streamlines the use of automake generated `Makefile.in's as
the `Makefile.in's used during development are now the same
as those used in distributions. Before that the
`Makefile.in's generated for maintainers required GNU `make'
and GCC, they were different from the portable `Makefile'
generated for distribution; this was causing some confusion.
* Support for per-target compilation flags.
* Support for reference to files in subdirectories in most
`Makefile.am' variables.
* Introduction of the `dist_', `nodist_', and `nobase_'
prefixes.
* Perl 4 support is finally dropped.
1.5 did broke several packages that worked with 1.4. Enough so
that Linux distributions could not easily install the new Automake
version without breaking many of the packages for which they had
to run `automake'.
Some of these breakages were effectively bugs that would
eventually be fixed in the next release. However, a lot of damage
was caused by some changes made deliberately to render Automake
stricter on some setup we did consider bogus. For instance `make
distcheck' was improved to check that `make uninstall' did remove
all the files `make install' installed, that `make distclean' did
not omit some file, and that a VPATH build would work even if the
source directory was read-only. Similarly, Automake now rejects
multiple definitions of the same variable (because that would mix
very badly with conditionals), and `+=' assignments with no
previous definition. Because these changes all occurred suddenly
after 1.4 had been established for more that two years, it hurt
users.
To make matter worse, meanwhile Autoconf (now at version 2.52) was
facing similar troubles, for similar reasons.
2002-03-05 Automake 1.6
This release introduced versioned installation (*note API
versioning::). This was mainly pushed by Havoc Pennington, taking
the GNOME source tree as motive: due to incompatibilities between
the autotools it's impossible for the GNOME packages to switch to
Autoconf 2.53 and Automake 1.5 all at once, so they are currently
stuck with Autoconf 2.13 and Automake 1.4.
The idea was to call this version `automake-1.6', call all its
bug-fix versions identically, and switch to `automake-1.7' for the
next release that adds new features or changes some rules. This
scheme implies maintaining a bug-fix branch in addition to the
development trunk, which means more work from the maintainer, but
providing regular bug-fix releases proved to be really worthwhile.
Like 1.5, 1.6 also introduced a bunch of incompatibilities, meant
or not. Perhaps the more annoying was the dependence on the newly
released Autoconf 2.53. Autoconf seemed to have stabilized enough
since its explosive 2.50 release, and included changes required to
fix some bugs in Automake. In order to upgrade to Automake 1.6,
people now had to upgrade Autoconf too; for some packages it was
no picnic.
While versioned installation helped people to upgrade, it also
unfortunately allowed people not to upgrade. At the time of
writing, some Linux distributions are shipping packages for
Automake 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9. Most of these still
install 1.4 by default. Some distribution also call 1.4 the
"stable" version, and present "1.9" as the development version;
this does not really makes sense since 1.9 is way more solid than
1.4. All this does not help the newcomer.
2002-04-11 Automake 1.6.1
1.6, and the upcoming 1.4-p6 release were the last release by Tom.
This one and those following will be handled by Alexandre
Duret-Lutz. Tom is still around, and will be there until about
1.7, but his interest into Automake is drifting away towards
projects like `gcj'.
Alexandre has been using Automake since 2000, and started to
contribute mostly on Akim's incitement (Akim and Alexandre have
been working in the same room from 1999 to 2002). In 2001 and
2002 he had a lot of free time to enjoy hacking Automake.
2002-06-14 Automake 1.6.2
2002-07-28 Automake 1.6.3
2002-07-28 Automake 1.4-p6
Two releases on the same day. 1.6.3 is a bug-fix release.
Tom Tromey backported the versioned installation mechanism on the
1.4 branch, so that Automake 1.6.x and Automake 1.4-p6 could be
installed side by side. Another request from the GNOME folks.
2002-09-25 Automake 1.7
This release switches to the new `configure.ac' scanner Akim was
experimenting in 1.5.
2002-10-16 Automake 1.7.1
2002-12-06 Automake 1.7.2
2003-02-20 Automake 1.7.3
2003-04-23 Automake 1.7.4
2003-05-18 Automake 1.7.5
2003-07-10 Automake 1.7.6
2003-09-07 Automake 1.7.7
2003-10-07 Automake 1.7.8
Many bug-fix releases. 1.7 lasted because the development version
(upcoming 1.8) was suffering some major internal revamping.
2003-10-26 Automake on screen
Episode 49, `Repercussions', in the third season of the `Alias' TV
show is first aired.
Marshall, one of the character, is working on a computer virus
that he has to modify before it gets into the wrong hands or
something like that. The screenshots you see do not show any
program code, they show a `Makefile.in' `generated by automake'...
2003-11-09 Automake 1.7.9
2003-12-10 Automake 1.8
The most striking update is probably that of `aclocal'.
`aclocal' now uses `m4_include' in the produced `aclocal.m4' when
the included macros are already distributed with the package (an
idiom used in many packages), which reduces code duplication.
Many people liked that, but in fact this change was really
introduced to fix a bug in rebuild rules: `Makefile.in' must be
rebuilt whenever a dependency of `configure' changes, but all the
`m4' files included in `aclocal.m4' where unknown from `automake'.
Now `automake' can just trace the `m4_include's to discover the
dependencies.
`aclocal' also starts using the `--trace' Autoconf option in order
to discover used macros more accurately. This will turn out to be
very tricky (later releases will improve this) as people had
devised many ways to cope with the limitation of previous
`aclocal' versions, notably using handwritten `m4_include's:
`aclocal' must make sure not to redefine a rule which is already
included by such statement.
Automake also has seen its guts rewritten. Although this rewriting
took a lot of efforts, it is only apparent to the users in that
some constructions previously disallowed by the implementation now
work nicely. Conditionals, Locations, Variable and Rule
definitions, Options: these items on which Automake works have
been rewritten as separate Perl modules, and documented.
2004-01-11 Automake 1.8.1
2004-01-12 Automake 1.8.2
2004-03-07 Automake 1.8.3
2004-04-25 Automake 1.8.4
2004-05-16 Automake 1.8.5
2004-07-28 Automake 1.9
This release tries to simplify the compilation rules it outputs to
reduce the size of the Makefile. The complaint initially come from
the libgcj developers. Their `Makefile.in' generated with
Automake 1.4 and custom build rules (1.4 did not support compiled
Java) is 250KB. The one generated by 1.8 was over 9MB! 1.9 gets
it down to 1.2MB.
Aside from this it contains mainly minor changes and bug-fixes.
2004-08-11 Automake 1.9.1
2004-09-19 Automake 1.9.2
Automake has ten years. This chapter of the manual was initially
written for this occasion.
File: automake.info, Node: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Next: Releases, Prev: Timeline, Up: History
27.2 Dependency Tracking in Automake
====================================
Over the years Automake has deployed three different dependency
tracking methods. Each method, including the current one, has had
flaws of various sorts. Here we lay out the different dependency
tracking methods, their flaws, and their fixes. We conclude with
recommendations for tool writers, and by indicating future directions
for dependency tracking work in Automake.
27.2.1 First Take
-----------------
Description
...........
Our first attempt at automatic dependency tracking was based on the
method recommended by GNU `make'. (*note Generating Prerequisites
Automatically: (make)Automatic Prerequisites.)
This version worked by precomputing dependencies ahead of time. For
each source file, it had a special `.P' file which held the
dependencies. There was a rule to generate a `.P' file by invoking the
compiler appropriately. All such `.P' files were included by the
`Makefile', thus implicitly becoming dependencies of `Makefile'.
Bugs
....
This approach had several critical bugs.
* The code to generate the `.P' file relied on `gcc'. (A
limitation, not technically a bug.)
* The dependency tracking mechanism itself relied on GNU `make'. (A
limitation, not technically a bug.)
* Because each `.P' file was a dependency of `Makefile', this meant
that dependency tracking was done eagerly by `make'. For
instance, `make clean' would cause all the dependency files to be
updated, and then immediately removed. This eagerness also caused
problems with some configurations; if a certain source file could
not be compiled on a given architecture for some reason,
dependency tracking would fail, aborting the entire build.
* As dependency tracking was done as a pre-pass, compile times were
doubled-the compiler had to be run twice per source file.
* `make dist' re-ran `automake' to generate a `Makefile' which did
not have automatic dependency tracking (and which was thus
portable to any version of `make'). In order to do this portably,
Automake had to scan the dependency files and remove any reference
which was to a source file not in the distribution. This process
was error-prone. Also, if `make dist' was run in an environment
where some object file had a dependency on a source file which was
only conditionally created, Automake would generate a `Makefile'
which referred to a file which might not appear in the end user's
build. A special, hacky mechanism was required to work around
this.
Historical Note
...............
The code generated by Automake is often inspired by the `Makefile'
style of a particular author. In the case of the first implementation
of dependency tracking, I believe the impetus and inspiration was Jim
Meyering. (I could be mistaken. If you know otherwise feel free to
correct me.)
27.2.2 Dependencies As Side Effects
-----------------------------------
Description
...........
The next refinement of Automake's automatic dependency tracking scheme
was to implement dependencies as side effects of the compilation. This
was aimed at solving the most commonly reported problems with the first
approach. In particular we were most concerned with eliminating the
weird rebuilding effect associated with make clean.
In this approach, the `.P' files were included using the `-include'
command, which let us create these files lazily. This avoided the
`make clean' problem.
We only computed dependencies when a file was actually compiled.
This avoided the performance penalty associated with scanning each file
twice. It also let us avoid the other problems associated with the
first, eager, implementation. For instance, dependencies would never
be generated for a source file which was not compilable on a given
architecture (because it in fact would never be compiled).
Bugs
....
* This approach also relied on the existence of `gcc' and GNU
`make'. (A limitation, not technically a bug.)
* Dependency tracking was still done by the developer, so the
problems from the first implementation relating to massaging of
dependencies by `make dist' were still in effect.
* This implementation suffered from the "deleted header file"
problem. Suppose a lazily-created `.P' file includes a dependency
on a given header file, like this:
maude.o: maude.c something.h
Now suppose that the developer removes `something.h' and updates
`maude.c' so that this include is no longer needed. If he runs
`make', he will get an error because there is no way to create
`something.h'.
We fixed this problem in a later release by further massaging the
output of `gcc' to include a dummy dependency for each header file.
27.2.3 Dependencies for the User
--------------------------------
Description
...........
The bugs associated with `make dist', over time, became a real problem.
Packages using Automake were being built on a large number of
platforms, and were becoming increasingly complex. Broken dependencies
were distributed in "portable" `Makefile.in's, leading to user
complaints. Also, the requirement for `gcc' and GNU `make' was a
constant source of bug reports. The next implementation of dependency
tracking aimed to remove these problems.
We realized that the only truly reliable way to automatically track
dependencies was to do it when the package itself was built. This
meant discovering a method portable to any version of make and any
compiler. Also, we wanted to preserve what we saw as the best point of
the second implementation: dependency computation as a side effect of
compilation.
In the end we found that most modern make implementations support
some form of include directive. Also, we wrote a wrapper script which
let us abstract away differences between dependency tracking methods for
compilers. For instance, some compilers cannot generate dependencies
as a side effect of compilation. In this case we simply have the
script run the compiler twice. Currently our wrapper script
(`depcomp') knows about twelve different compilers (including a
"compiler" which simply invokes `makedepend' and then the real
compiler, which is assumed to be a standard Unix-like C compiler with
no way to do dependency tracking).
Bugs
....
* Running a wrapper script for each compilation slows down the build.
* Many users don't really care about precise dependencies.
* This implementation, like every other automatic dependency tracking
scheme in common use today (indeed, every one we've ever heard of),
suffers from the "duplicated new header" bug.
This bug occurs because dependency tracking tools, such as the
compiler, only generate dependencies on the successful opening of a
file, and not on every probe.
Suppose for instance that the compiler searches three directories
for a given header, and that the header is found in the third
directory. If the programmer erroneously adds a header file with
the same name to the first directory, then a clean rebuild from
scratch could fail (suppose the new header file is buggy), whereas
an incremental rebuild will succeed.
What has happened here is that people have a misunderstanding of
what a dependency is. Tool writers think a dependency encodes
information about which files were read by the compiler. However,
a dependency must actually encode information about what the
compiler tried to do.
This problem is not serious in practice. Programmers typically do
not use the same name for a header file twice in a given project.
(At least, not in C or C++. This problem may be more troublesome
in Java.) This problem is easy to fix, by modifying dependency
generators to record every probe, instead of every successful open.
* Since automake generates dependencies as a side effect of
compilation, there is a bootstrapping problem when header files
are generated by running a program. The problem is that, the
first time the build is done, there is no way by default to know
that the headers are required, so make might try to run a
compilation for which the headers have not yet been built.
This was also a problem in the previous dependency tracking
implementation.
The current fix is to use `BUILT_SOURCES' to list built headers
(*note Sources::). This causes them to be built before any other
other build rules are run. This is unsatisfactory as a general
solution, however in practice it seems sufficient for most actual
programs.
This code is used since Automake 1.5.
In GCC 3.0, we managed to convince the maintainers to add special
command-line options to help Automake more efficiently do its job. We
hoped this would let us avoid the use of a wrapper script when
Automake's automatic dependency tracking was used with `gcc'.
Unfortunately, this code doesn't quite do what we want. In
particular, it removes the dependency file if the compilation fails;
we'd prefer that it instead only touch the file in any way if the
compilation succeeds.
Nevertheless, since Automake 1.7, when a recent `gcc' is detected at
`configure' time, we inline the dependency-generation code and do not
use the `depcomp' wrapper script. This makes compilations faster for
those using this compiler (probably our primary user base). The
counterpart is that because we have to encode two compilation rules in
`Makefile' (with or without `depcomp'), the produced `Makefile's are
larger.
27.2.4 Techniques for Computing Dependencies
--------------------------------------------
There are actually several ways for a build tool like Automake to cause
tools to generate dependencies.
`makedepend'
This was a commonly-used method in the past. The idea is to run a
special program over the source and have it generate dependency
information. Traditional implementations of `makedepend' ere not
completely precise; ordinarily they were conservative and
discovered too many dependencies.
The tool
An obvious way to generate dependencies is to simply write the
tool so that it can generate the information needed by the build
tool. This is also the most portable method. Many compilers have
an option to generate dependencies. Unfortunately, not all tools
provide such an option.
The file system
It is possible to write a special file system that tracks opens,
reads, writes, etc, and then feed this information back to the
build tool. `clearmake' does this. This is a very powerful
technique, as it doesn't require cooperation from the tool.
Unfortunately it is also very difficult to implement and also not
practical in the general case.
`LD_PRELOAD'
Rather than use the file system, one could write a special library
to intercept `open' and other syscalls. This technique is also
quite powerful, but unfortunately it is not portable enough for
use in `automake'.
27.2.5 Recommendations for Tool Writers
---------------------------------------
We think that every compilation tool ought to be able to generate
dependencies as a side effect of compilation. Furthermore, at least
while `make'-based tools are nearly universally in use (at least in the
free software community), the tool itself should generate dummy
dependencies for header files, to avoid the deleted header file bug.
Finally, the tool should generate a dependency for each probe, instead
of each successful file open, in order to avoid the duplicated new
header bug.
27.2.6 Future Directions for Automake's Dependency Tracking
-----------------------------------------------------------
Currently, only languages and compilers understood by Automake can have
dependency tracking enabled. We would like to see if it is practical
(and worthwhile) to let this support be extended by the user to
languages unknown to Automake.
File: automake.info, Node: Releases, Prev: Dependency Tracking Evolution, Up: History
27.3 Release Statistics
=======================
The following table (inspired by `perlhist(1)') quantifies the
evolution of Automake using these metrics:
Date, Rel
The date and version of the release.
am
The number of lines of the `automake' script.
acl
The number of lines of the `aclocal' script.
pm
The number of lines of the `Perl' supporting modules.
`*.am'
The number of lines of the `Makefile' fragments. The number in
parenthesis is the number of files.
m4
The number of lines (and files) of Autoconf macros.
doc
The number of pages of the documentation (the Postscript version).
t
The number of test cases in the test suite.
Date Rel am acl pm `*.am' m4 doc t
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1994-09-19 CVS 141 299 (24)
1994-11-05 CVS 208 332 (28)
1995-11-23 0.20 533 458 (35) 9
1995-11-26 0.21 613 480 (36) 11
1995-11-28 0.22 1116 539 (38) 12
1995-11-29 0.23 1240 541 (38) 12
1995-12-08 0.24 1462 504 (33) 14
1995-12-10 0.25 1513 511 (37) 15
1996-01-03 0.26 1706 438 (36) 16
1996-01-03 0.27 1706 438 (36) 16
1996-01-13 0.28 1964 934 (33) 16
1996-02-07 0.29 2299 936 (33) 17
1996-02-24 0.30 2544 919 (32) 85 (1) 20 9
1996-03-11 0.31 2877 919 (32) 85 (1) 29 17
1996-04-27 0.32 3058 921 (31) 85 (1) 30 26
1996-05-18 0.33 3110 926 (31) 105 (1) 30 35
1996-05-28 1.0 3134 973 (32) 105 (1) 30 38
1997-06-22 1.2 6089 385 1294 (36) 592 (23) 37 126
1998-04-05 1.3 6415 422 1470 (39) 741 (26) 39 156
1999-01-14 1.4 7240 426 1591 (40) 734 (23) 51 197
2001-05-08 1.4-p1 7251 426 1591 (40) 734 (23) 51 197
2001-05-24 1.4-p2 7268 439 1591 (40) 734 (23) 49 197
2001-06-07 1.4-p3 7312 439 1591 (40) 734 (23) 49 197
2001-06-10 1.4-p4 7321 439 1591 (40) 734 (23) 49 198
2001-07-15 1.4-p5 7228 426 1596 (40) 734 (23) 51 198
2001-08-23 1.5 8016 475 600 2654 (39) 1166 (32) 63 327
2002-03-05 1.6 8465 475 1136 2732 (39) 1603 (31) 66 365
2002-04-11 1.6.1 8544 475 1136 2741 (39) 1603 (31) 66 372
2002-06-14 1.6.2 8575 475 1136 2800 (39) 1609 (31) 67 386
2002-07-28 1.6.3 8600 475 1153 2809 (39) 1609 (31) 67 391
2002-07-28 1.4-p6 7332 455 1596 (40) 735 (24) 49 197
2002-09-25 1.7 9189 471 1790 2965 (39) 1606 (33) 73 430
2002-10-16 1.7.1 9229 475 1790 2977 (39) 1606 (33) 73 437
2002-12-06 1.7.2 9334 475 1790 2988 (39) 1606 (33) 77 445
2003-02-20 1.7.3 9389 475 1790 3023 (39) 1651 (34) 84 448
2003-04-23 1.7.4 9429 475 1790 3031 (39) 1644 (34) 85 458
2003-05-18 1.7.5 9429 475 1790 3033 (39) 1645 (34) 85 459
2003-07-10 1.7.6 9442 475 1790 3033 (39) 1660 (34) 85 461
2003-09-07 1.7.7 9443 475 1790 3041 (39) 1660 (34) 90 467
2003-10-07 1.7.8 9444 475 1790 3041 (39) 1660 (34) 90 468
2003-11-09 1.7.9 9444 475 1790 3048 (39) 1660 (34) 90 468
2003-12-10 1.8 7171 585 7730 3236 (39) 1666 (36) 104 521
2004-01-11 1.8.1 7217 663 7726 3287 (39) 1686 (36) 104 525
2004-01-12 1.8.2 7217 663 7726 3288 (39) 1686 (36) 104 526
2004-03-07 1.8.3 7214 686 7735 3303 (39) 1695 (36) 111 530
2004-04-25 1.8.4 7214 686 7736 3310 (39) 1701 (36) 112 531
2004-05-16 1.8.5 7240 686 7736 3299 (39) 1701 (36) 112 533
2004-07-28 1.9 7508 715 7794 3352 (40) 1812 (37) 115 551
2004-08-11 1.9.1 7512 715 7794 3354 (40) 1812 (37) 115 552
2004-09-19 1.9.2 7512 715 7794 3354 (40) 1812 (37) 132 554
File: automake.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Indices, Prev: History, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying This Manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
File: automake.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.2, November 2002
Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
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being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
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We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
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all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
"History" in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
"Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warrany Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
----------------------------------------------------------
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
File: automake.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix B Indices
******************
* Menu:
* Macro Index:: Index of Autoconf macros
* Variable Index:: Index of Makefile variables
* General Index:: General index
File: automake.info, Node: Macro Index, Next: Variable Index, Up: Indices
B.1 Macro Index
===============
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