o load an image from a file o display the next image o display the former image o display a sequence of images as a slide show o write the image to a file o print the image to a Postscript printer o delete the image file o create a Visual Image Directory o select the image to display by its thumbnail rather than name o copy a region of the image o paste a region to the image o undo last image transformation o half the image size o double the image size o resize the image o restore the image to its original size o refresh the image o crop the image o cut the image o flop image in the horizontal direction o flip image in the vertical direction o rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise o rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise o rotate the image o shear the image o trim the image edges o invert the colors of the image o vary the color brightness o vary the color saturation o vary the image hue o gamma correct the image o sharpen the image contrast o dull the image contrast o perform histogram equalization on the image o perform histogram normalization on the image o negate the image colors o convert the image to grayscale o set the maximum number of unique colors in the image o reduce the speckles within an image o eliminate peak noise from an image o detect edges within the image o emboss an image o segment the image by color o simulate an oil painting o simulate a charcoal drawing o annotate the image with text o draw on the image o edit an image pixel color o edit the image matte information o composite an image with another o add a border to the image o surround image with an ornamental border o add an image comment o apply image processing techniques to a region of interest o display information about the image o show a histogram of the image o display image to background of a window o set user preferences o display information about this program o discard all images and exit program o change the level of magnification o display images specified by a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)
display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff
To display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop, use:
display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff
To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:
display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png
To display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
display 'vid:*.jpg'
To display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in height with 256 colors, use:
display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map
To display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL), use
display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop is specified as the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.
The color of the border is obtained from the X server and is defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.
This option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColor or GrayScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default, a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients. Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look very different than intended. Choose Private and the image colors appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the image colormap is installed.
The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request, but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less unique colors than specified with this option will remain unchanged. Refer to quantize(9) for more details.
Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth affect the color reduction algorithm.
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image. Refer to quantize(9) for more details.
The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves the matte channel of the image if it exists.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.
By default, each image is commented with its file name. Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number by embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number, %b for file size in kilobytes, or \n for newline. For example,
-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
If the first character of string is @, the image comment is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
Use this option with -write to specify the the type of image compression. See miff(5) for details.
Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format. The default is the compression type of the specified image file.
This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the image, use -crop 10%.
Use cropping to apply image processing options to, or display, a particular area of an image. Use -crop 0x0 to remove edges that are the background color. Omit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a uniform size.
The equivalent X resource for this option is cropGeometry (class CropGeometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
This option is useful when viewing several images in sequence. Each image will display and wait the number of seconds specified before the next image is displayed. The default is to display the image and wait until you choose to display the next image or terminate the program.
This option specifies an image density when decoding a Postscript or Portable Document page. The default is the same as the resolution of your X server (see xdpyinfo(1)).
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Specification 89a of July 31, 1990 for details.
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be improved with this option.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.
The color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor command line option.
The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to 2.3.
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).
By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assume the value.
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image size is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100.
Use < to change the dimensions of the image only if its size exceeds the geometry specification. > resizes the image only if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example, if you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.
When displaying an image on an X server, <x offset> and <y offset> is relative to the root window.
The equivalent X resource for this option is geometry (class Geometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image formats such as RGB or YUV. None means do not interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). Partition is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).
Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF or progressive JPEG image.
Use this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number in the label by embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for height, %s for scene number, %b for file size in kilobytes, or \n for newline. For example,
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
If the first character of string is @, the image label is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
When converting to Postscript, use this option to specify a header string to print above the image.
Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
best default gray red green blue
The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose, otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and display(1) searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard Colormaps.
The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. Use +negate to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the Postscript page in pixels per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The default for a Postscript page is to center the image on a letter page 612 by 792 pixels. The margins are 1/2" (i.e. 612x792+42+42). Other common sizes are:
Letter 612x 792 Tabloid 792x1224 Ledger 1224x 792 Legal 612x1008 Statement 396x 612 Executive 540x 720 A3 842x1190 A4 595x 842 A5 420x 595 B4 729x1032 B5 516x 729 Folio 612x 936 Quarto 610x 780 10x14 720x1008
For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.).
To place a Postscript image with a given size on a given location on a page, use -page +HOFFSET+VOFFSET -geometry WIDTHxHEIGHT (fill in numbers). Note: this is only for generating Postscript, not Encapsulated Postscript.
To position a GIF image, use -page +LEFT+TOP (e.g. -page +100+200).
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The default is 75.
A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.
Use this option to specify an image sequence with a single filename. See the discussion of file below for details.
The number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid.
See IMAGE SEGMENTATION for details.
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to skip any header information in the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).
For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
192x128 384x256 768x512 1536x1024 3072x2048 Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).
An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory. However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to quantize(9) for more details.
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option to take effect.
Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently displayed is over-written. display will automatically detect that the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.
This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image. Refer to miff(5) for a description of the image class.
If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize(9) for a description of these values.
Choose from these visual classes:
StaticGray GrayScale StaticColor PseudoColor TrueColor DirectColor default visual id
The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most simultaneous colors on the default X server screen is chosen.
id can be a window id or name. Specify root to select X's root window as the target window.
By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window. If -backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to X RESOURCES for details.
The image will not display on the root window if the image has more unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reduce the number of colors. -window_group id exit program when this window id is destroyed.
id can be a window id or name.
If file already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should be overwritten.
By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as. To specify a particular image format, prefix file with the image type and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats. Specify file as - for standard output. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file size is compressed using with compress or gzip respectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe to a system command. If file already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should be overwritten.
Use -compress to specify the type of image compression.
The equivalent X resource for this option is writeFilename (class WriteFilename). See X RESOURCES for details.
In addition to those listed above, you can specify these standard X resources as command line options: -background, -bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground, -iconGeometry, -iconic, -mattecolor, -name, or -title. See X RESOURCES for details.
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on the command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a different effect. For example to display two images, the first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 colors, use:
display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff
Change - to + in any option above to reverse its effect. For example, specify +matte to store the image without its matte channel.
By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specify a particular image format, precede the filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats.
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desired window.
Specify file as - for standard input. If file has the extension .Z or .gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or gunzip respectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe from a system command.
Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specify a desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g. img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g. video.mpg[50-75]). A subimage specification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,4,7]). For raw images, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).
Single images are read with the filename you specify. Alternatively, you can display an image sequence with a single filename. Define the range of the image sequence with -scene. Each image in the range is read with the filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. You can change this behavior by embedding a printf format specification in the file name. For example,
-scene 0-9 image%02d.miff
displays files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image09.miff.
Open Next Former Delete Update
If you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is displayed. To return to the visual image directory, choose Next from the Command widget (refer to COMMAND WIDGET). Next and Former moves to the next or former image respectively. Choose Delete to delete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize all the image tiles with their respective images. See montage(1) and miff(5) for more details.
File Open... Next Former Select... Save... Print... Delete... Canvas... Visual Directory... Quit Edit Undo Redo Cut Copy Paste View Half Size Original Size Double Size Resize... Apply Refresh Restore Transform Crop Chop Flop Flip Rotate Right Rotate Left Rotate... Shear... Roll... Trim Edges Enhance Hue... Saturation... Brightness... Gamma... Spiff... Dull Equalize Normalize Negate Grayscale Map... Quantize... Effects Despeckle Reduce Noise Add Noise Sharpen... Blur... Edge Detect... Emboss... Spread... Solarize... Shade... Raise... Segment... F/X Swirl... Implode... Oil Painting... Charcoal Drawing... Image Edit Annotate... Draw... Color... Matte... Composite... Add Border... Add Frame... Comment... Launch... Region of Interest... Miscellany Image Info Zoom Image Show Preview... Show Histogram Show Matte Background... Slide Show Preferences... Help Help Browse Documentation About Display
Menu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are represented above as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointer to the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you find the desired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed. Move the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute a particular command.
Refer to IMAGE LOADING for more details.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a Postscript document, you can skip ahead several pages by preceeding this command with a number. For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page, press 4space.
If the image is a multi-paged document such as a Postscript document, you can skip behind several pages by preceeding this command with a number. For example to display the fourth page preceeding the current page, press 4n.
Refer to IMAGE CUTTING for more details.
Refer to IMAGE COPYING for more details.
Refer to IMAGE PASTING for more details.
By default, any image size transformations are applied to the original image to create the image displayed on the X server. However, the transformations are not permanent (i.e. the original image does not change size only the X image does). For example, if you press > the X image will appear to double in size, but the original image will in fact remain the same size. To force the original image to double in size, press > followed by A.
Refer to IMAGE CROPPING for more details.
Refer to IMAGE CHOPPING for more details.
Refer to IMAGE ROTATION for more details.
Refer to IMAGE ANNOTATION for more details.
Refer to IMAGE DRAWING for more details.
Refer to COLOR EDITING for more details.
Refer to MATTE EDITING for more details.
Refer to IMAGE COMPOSITING for more details.
Use the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressing button 2.
Press ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any side of the image.
Most display options have a corresponding X resource. In addition, display uses the following X resources:
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list delineated with commas (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).
The default is 2.2.
This value only affects the magnification window which is invoked with button number 3 after the image is displayed. Refer to BUTTONS for more details.
To set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the geometry resource. For example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:
display.pan.geometry: 256x256
You can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters. For example, type *.jpg to list only files that end with .jpg.
To select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose Grab of the Open widget.
After you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiled onto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumbnail and press button 3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image represented by the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next from the File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the Visual Image Directory.
To begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press F3 in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help Dismiss
To define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Cut Help Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commit your copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help Dismiss
To define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Copy Help Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commit your copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:
Operators over in out atop xor plus minus add subtract difference bumpmap replace Help Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained with the File Browser widget.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See MATTE EDITING for a method of defining a matte channel.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color that appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen image window will appear black or white even though your pasted image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help Dismiss
To define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping region is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping region, release the button. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:
Crop Help Dismiss
You can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commit your cropping region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.
You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:
Direction horizontal vertical Help Dismiss
If the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the area of the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed. Otherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical endpoints of the chop line is removed.
Select a location within the image window to begin your chop, press and hold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line will connect the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined by which direction you choose from the Command widget.
To cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the button.
A small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
Pixel Color black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white Browser... Direction horizontal vertical Crop false true Sharpen false true Help Dismiss
Choose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional background colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the background color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.
Choose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the degree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you just drew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose from the Direction sub-menu of the Command widget.
To cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the button.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:
Font Name fixed variable 5x8 6x10 7x13bold 8x13bold 9x15bold 10x20 12x24 Browser... Font Color black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white transparent Browser... Box Color black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white transparent Browser... Rotate Text -90 -45 -30 0 30 45 90 180 Dialog... Help Dismiss
Choose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional font names can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu names by setting the X resources font1 through font9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
Choose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional font colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
If you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose the font color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and press any button.
If you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menu and select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line of text at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines may end up overwriting each other.
Choosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed and the default color is black. However, you must choose a location to begin entering text and press button 1. An underscore character will appear at the location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.
In text mode, any key presses will display the character at the location of the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your text and once completed press Dismiss to finish your image annotation. To correct errors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of text, press DELETE. Any text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is automatically continued onto the next line.
The actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However, the color that appears in your image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white even if you choose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a file with -write is written with red lettering. To assure the correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
First a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name. Press Composite, Grab or type a file name. Press Cancel if you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab, move the pointer to the desired window and press any button.
If the Composite image does not have any matte information, you are informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name of a mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as the composite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:
Operators over in out atop xor plus minus add subtract difference bumpmap replace Blend Displace Help Dismiss
Choose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the Command widget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained with the File Browser widget.
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise 255. See MATTE EDITING for a method of defining a matte channel.
If you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over. The image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to factor. The image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value you specify in the Dialog widget.
Displace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map. With this option, image is used as a displacement map. Black, within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify a mask, image is the horizontal X displacement and mask the vertical Y displacement.
Note that matte information for image window is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor). Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
Choosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace. However, you must choose a location to composite your image and press button 1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image will appear to help you identify your location.
The actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color that appears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen image window will appear black or white even though your composited image may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is written with the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In color edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
Pixel Color black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white Browser... Method point replace floodfill reset Delta 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 Browser... Undo Help Dismiss
Choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional pixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
Next, choose a color editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command widget. The point method recolors any pixel selected with the pointer unless the button is released. The replace method recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor. Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated color.
Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the image window to change its color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the method you choose. You can recolor additional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the range is also recolored.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (or pixels).
The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However, the color that appears in your image window may be different. For example, on a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white even if you choose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to a file with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the correct color text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.
Setting the matte information in an image is done interactively. There is no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose Matte of the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget (see COMMAND WIDGET). Alternatively, press m in the image window (see KEYBOARD ACCELERATORS).
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
Method point replace floodfill reset Delta 0 1 2 4 8 16 32 Browser... Matte Undo Help Dismiss
Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the Command widget. The point method changes the matte value of the any pixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replace method changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor. Finally reset changes the entire image to the designated matte value.
Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte value. Enter a value between 0 and 255. This value is assigned as the matte value of the selected pixel or pixels.
Now, press any button to select a pixel within the image window to change its matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels by increasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtracted from the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the range also have their matte value updated.
If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioning your pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can select a pixel to change the matte value from within the Magnify widget. Move the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte value of the selected pixel (or pixels).
Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image. Therefore, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (see miff(5)). Note that matte information for PseudoClass is not retained for colormapped X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor) unless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). Correct matte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor visual or a Standard Colormap.
The cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has these options:
Primitive point line rectangle fill rectangle ellipse fill ellipse polygon fill polygon Color black blue cyan green gray red magenta yellow white transparent Browser... Stipple", Brick", Diagonal", Scales", Vertical", Wavy", Translucent", Opaque", Open...", Width 1 2 4 8 16 Dialog... Undo Help Dismiss
Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
Next, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. Refer to X RESOURCES for more details.
If you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select the primitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen and press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.,
Choose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. Additional stipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.
Choose a line width from the Width sub-menu. To choose a specific width select the Dialog widget.
Choose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line connects the initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, the image is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the image is updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.
To cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of the line and release the button.
A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the image window. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest mode, the Command widget has these options:
Help Dismiss
To define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region of interest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of interest, release the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Command widget has these options:
File Save... Print... Edit Undo Redo Transform Flip Flop Rotate Right Rotate Left Enhance Hue... Saturation... Brightness... Gamma... Spiff Dull Equalize Normalize Negate Grayscale Quantize... Effects Despeckle Reduce Noise Add Noise Sharpen... Blur... Edge Detect... Emboss... Spread... Shade... Raise... Segment... F/X Swirl... Implode... Oil Painting... Charcoal Drawing... Miscellany Image Info Zoom Image Show Preview... Show Histogram Show Matte Help Dismiss
You can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointer to one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, choose an image processing technique from the Command widget. You can choose more than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively, you can move the region of interest before applying another image processing technique. To exit, press Dismiss.
Use the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or right within the image window.
The panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensions of the X server screen.
The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:
o Build a histogram, one for each color component of the image.
o For each histogram, successively apply the scale-space filter and build an interval tree of zero crossings in the second derivative at each scale. Analyze this scale-space ``fingerprint'' to determine which peaks or valleys in the histogram are most predominant.
o The fingerprint defines intervals on the axis of the histogram. Each interval contains either a minima or a maxima in the original signal. If each color component lies within the maxima interval, that pixel is considered ``classified'' and is assigned an unique class number.
o Any pixel that fails to be classified in the above thresholding pass is classified using the fuzzy c-Means technique. It is assigned to one of the classes discovered in the histogram analysis phase.
The fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding the local minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objective function. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membership has a maximum value.
For additional information see
Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior permission. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company disclaims all warranties with regard to this software, including all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness, in no event shall E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company be liable for any special, indirect or consequential damages or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, data or profits, whether in an action of contract, negligence or other tortuous action, arising out of or in connection with the use or performance of this software.
Peder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestions and bug reports. Without Peder, ImageMagick would not be nearly as useful as it is today.
Rod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah. Image compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.
Michael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.
David Pensak, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, for providing a computing environment that made this program possible.
Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. The spatial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.